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Kaplan Biology > Ch. 9: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch. 9: The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the starting and ending points of the alimentary canal

A

the mouth and the anus

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2
Q

what occurs during mechanical digestion

A

large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles

no chemical bond breaking

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3
Q

what occurs during chemical digestion

A

enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

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4
Q

path of the digestive tract

A

oral cavity –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> rectum

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5
Q

which branch of the nervous system governs digestion

A

parasympathetic –> enteric nervous system

peristalsis and secretions

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6
Q

what enzymes are in saliva

A

salivary amylase and lipase

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7
Q

what does salivary amylase do

A

hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars

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8
Q

what does lipase do

A

hydrolyzes lipids

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9
Q

where is the nasopharynx located

A

behind the nasal cavity

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10
Q

where is the oropharynx located

A

in the back of the mouth

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11
Q

where is the laryngopharynx located

A

above the vocal cords

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12
Q

what does the epiglottis cover

A

the larynx during swallowing

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13
Q

what division of the nervous system controls the esophagus

A

somatic (voluntary) - upper aspect with skeletal muscle

autonomic (involuntary) - lower aspect with smooth muscle

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14
Q

what occurs when peristalsis is reversed

A

vomiting

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15
Q

what does the lower esophageal sphincter divide

A

cardiac sphincter

esophagus and stomach

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16
Q

how are the gastric gland governed

A
  • glands in the upper stomach (fungus/body)
  • sight/taste/smell activate PNS to send signals to the vagus nerve which prompts glands
  • mucous, chief, and parietal cells
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17
Q

what do mucous cells produce

A

bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects muscular wall from harsh acidic environment

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18
Q

what do chief cells produce

A

pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)

proteolytic enzyme

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19
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid –> H+ ions cleave pepsinogen to pepsin

intrinsic factor –> absorbs vitamin B12

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20
Q

what does pepsin do

A

cleaves peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids, resulting in short, peptide fragments

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21
Q

what do the pyloric glands contain

A

G-cells

22
Q

what do G-cells produce

A

gastrin –> induces parietal cell secretion of HCl and stomach contraction

23
Q

chyme

A

acidic, semifluid mixture of partially digested food

24
Q

what are the segments of the small intestine

A

the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

25
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter divide

A

stomach and the small intestine

26
Q

brush-border enzymes

A
  • luminal surface of duodenum
  • secreted in presence of chyme
  • disaccharidases and peptidases –> break down dimers and trimers into absorbable monomers
27
Q

what occurs when disaccharides aren’t broken down in the small intestine

A
  • osmotic effect, water pulled into stool, diarrhea,

- bacteria hydrolyzes disaccharide, producing methane gas

28
Q

what does enteropeptidase do

A

activates trypsinogen to trypsin

29
Q

what does secretin do

A
  • peptide hormone
  • causes release of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum
  • regulates digestive tract pH by reducing HCl secretions
  • slows motility of digestive tract
30
Q

what does cholecystokinin (CCK) do

A
  • peptide hormone
  • simulates release of bile and pancreatic juices
  • promotes satiety in the brain
31
Q

what do bile salts do

A
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

- emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles

32
Q

are pancreatic juices acidic or basic

A

basic

- neutralize chyme, provide ideal pH for enzymes

33
Q

what are the secondary organs of digestion

A

pancreas, gallbladder, liver

34
Q

what do the acinar cells produce

A

pancreatic juices

35
Q

what are the pancreatic peptidases

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidases A and B –> ZYMOGEN FORMS

Enteropeptidase (duodenum) converts trypsinogen to trypsin, which then converts the other zymogens

36
Q

what occurs in the hepatic portal vein

A

receives all blood from the abdominal portion of the digestive tract and allows the liver to process it before it is returned to the heart for oxygenation

37
Q

what is stored in the liver

A

triacylglycerols (fats)

38
Q

what is produced in the liver

A
  • bile
  • glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogeneis
  • albumin (osmotic regulator) and clotting factor
39
Q

how is bile pigmented

A

bilirubin

hemoglobin –> bilirubin –> conjugated to proteins in bile –> excreted, preventing jaundice

40
Q

what structures line the small intestine

A

villi with microvilli –> increased surface area

41
Q

what is a lacteal

A

lymphatic channel that takes up fats for transport to the lymphatic system

42
Q

how are simple carbs and amino acids absorbed into the blood from the small intestine

A

small intestine –> secondary (complementary) active transport and facilitated diffusion –> epithelium –> diffuse due to lower concentration gradient of monosaccharides and amino acids –> enter blood stream and go to liver

43
Q

how are small fatty acids absorbed into the blood from the small intestine

A

small intestine –> small fatty acids diffuse into capillaries d/t nonpolar

44
Q

how are larger fatty acids absorbed into the blood from the small intestine

A

move into intestinal cells –> modified into triglycerides and esterified cholesterol –> packaged into chylomicrons –> enter lymphatic system through lacteals

45
Q

how are vitamins absorbed

A

fat soluble –> chylomicrons –> lymphatic system

water soluble –> absorbed with water by endothelial cells

46
Q

how does water exit the intestines

A

transcellularly through cell membranes and paracellularly between cells to reach the blood

47
Q

what are the divisions of the large intestine

A

the cecum, the colon, and the rectum

48
Q

what does the cecum do

A

accepts fluid exiting small intestines from through the ileocecal valve

49
Q

where does the appendix attach to the digestive system

A

the cecum

50
Q

what does the colon do

A

absorb water and salt from undigested material to concentrate it into feces

51
Q

what are the two structures that form the anus

A

internal sphincter (autonomic/involuntary control)

external sphincter (somatic/voluntary control)

Kaplan Biology (9 decks)

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