Ch. 6: The Respiratory Sytem

Question 1

what cavity are the lungs located in

Answer 1

the thoracic cavity

Question 2

vibrissae

Answer 2

nasal hairs

Question 3

what is the pharynx a pathway for

Answer 3

air –> lungs

food –> esophagus

Question 4

what is the larynx a pathway for

Answer 4

air –> lungs

Question 5

what does the epiglottis cover

Answer 5

covers the larynx during swallowing to direct food and prevent aspiration

Question 6

where are the vocal cords located

Answer 6

the larynx

Question 7

path of air

Answer 7

nose –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

Question 8

what is a surfactant

Answer 8

detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing on itself

Question 9

visceral pleura

Answer 9

surface adjacent to the lung

Question 10

parietal pleura

Answer 10

outer surface of the pleura

Question 11

diaphragm

Answer 11

muscle that divides thoracic and abdominal cavity, under somatic control

Question 12

intrapleural space

Answer 12

space within the pleural sac that allows for a pressure differential

Question 13

changes to intrathoracic volume and pressure during inhalation

Answer 13

intrathoracic volume increases
intrathoracic pressure decreases

(lungs expand and air is drawn in)

Question 14

negative pressure breathing

Answer 14

driving force is the lower pressure in the intrapleural space compared to the lungs

Question 15

changes to intrathoracic volume and pressure during inhalation

Answer 15

intrathoracic volume decreases
intrathoracic pressure increases

(lungs deflate and air is pushed out)

Question 16

muscles involved in inhalation

Answer 16

external intercostal muscles (near the ribs)

Question 17

muscles involved in exhalation

Answer 17

internal intercostal muscles (near the abd muscles)

ONLY USED WITH HIGH ACTIVITY

Question 18

total lung capacity

Answer 18

maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Question 19

residual volume

Answer 19

volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Question 20

vital capacity

Answer 20

difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC - RV)

Question 21

tidal volume

Answer 21

volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 22

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 22

volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 23

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 23

volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 24

ventilation center

Answer 24

bundle of neurons in the medulla oblongata that fire rhythmically to cause regular contraction of the respiratory muscles

Question 25

chemoreceptors in the ventilation center are particularly susceptible to what compound

Answer 25

carbon dioxide (when high, hypercarbia/hypercapnia) and occasionally oxygen (when low, hypoxemia)

Question 26

capillaries surround what lung structures

Answer 26

alveoli

Question 27

what kind of blood reaches the alveoli in the lungs

Answer 27

deoxygenated blood

Question 28

what kind of blood returns from the alveoli in the lungs

Answer 28

oxygenated blood

Question 29

pressure differential of gases at the alveoli that drives gas exchange

Answer 29

low oxygen and high carbon dioxide facilitate transfer down respective concentration gradients across capillary

Question 30

role of capillaries in thermoregulation

Answer 30

expand (vasodilation) to dissipate thermal energy

contract (vasoconstriction) to conserve thermal energy

Question 31

lysozyme

Answer 31

enzyme in the nasal cavity that attacks walls of gram-positive bacteria

Question 32

mucociliary escalator

Answer 32

cilia that line the respiratory tract and propel contagion-containing mucus up the tract to be expelled or swallowed

Question 33

immune cells found in the lungs

Answer 33

macrophages and mast cells

Question 34

bicarbonate buffer system equation

Answer 34

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3 - (aq)

Question 35

acidemia

Answer 35

low pH, high H+ concentration

increases respiratory rate to release CO2

Question 36

alkalemia

Answer 36

high pH, low H+ concentration

decrease respiratory rate to reserve CO2