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Kaplan Biology > Ch. 10: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Ch. 10: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

what organs comprise the excretory system

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

where is the cortex located inside the kidney

A

the outer layer

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3
Q

where is the medulla located inside the kidney

A

the inner layer

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4
Q

where is the renal pelvis

A

center of the medial surface of the kidney, widest aspect of the ureter which to connects the renal hilum

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5
Q

what is the flow of blood in the kidney

A

renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomeruli –> efferent arterioles

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6
Q

what are the vasa recta

A

the secondary capillary beds surrounding the loop of Henle

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7
Q

what is a portal system

A

two capillary beds in series through which blood must travel before returning to the heart

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8
Q

detrusor muscle location

A

muscle that lines the bladder and causes the internal urethral sphincter to contract under parasympathetic control

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9
Q

what is the micturition reflex

A

stretch of bladder muscles –> detrusor muscle contraction –> internal sphincter relaxes

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10
Q

what is the primary job of the kidneys (big picture)

A

regulate blood volume and osmolarity through filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

keep what the body needs, lose what it doesn’t, concentrate urine in order to save water

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11
Q

what is the filtrate

A

the fluid pulled from the blood, through the glomerulus, into the Bowman’s space by starling forces

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12
Q

how does the glomerulus filter the blood into filtrate

A

by size, blood is filtered through glomerular pores

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13
Q

what is secretion

A

process in which solute is move from the blood into the filtrate anywhere outside of bowman’s capsule (usually in the nephrons)

ex: liver filters ammonia to produce urea, which travels in the blood to the nephron and is secreted into the filtrate

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14
Q

what kids of substances are secreted

A

substances in excess concentration in the blood that are too large to pass through the glomerular pores

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15
Q

what is reabsorption

A

process in which some compounds that have been filtered are reabsorbed back into the blood

ex: glucose, vitamins

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16
Q

What are the major waste products excreted in the urine

A

H+, urea, NH3, K+

Dump the HUNK

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17
Q

what occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A
  • filtrate enters here first
  • solutes (Na+, CL-, H2O) and water are reabsorbed
  • waste products are secreted
  • solute is isotonic
18
Q

what is the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to

A

water only

19
Q

what occurs to the filtrate as it travels through the descending limb of the loop of Henle

A
  • interstitum becomes more salty as the limb descends further into the medulla
  • the filtrate becomes hypotonic relative to its surroundings
  • the filtrate becomes more concentrated as water flows down the concentration gradient
20
Q

what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier system

A
  • flow of filtrate through loop of Henle is opposite in direction from blood in vasa recta
  • filtrate is constantly exposed to hypertonic blood to maximize water reabsorption
21
Q

what is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to

A

salts only

22
Q

what occurs to the filtrate as it travels through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A
  • intertial fluid becomes less salty
  • FIRST Na+ and Cl- passively flow to hypotonic surroundings
  • SECOND Na+ and Cl- are actively transported to hypertonic surroundings
23
Q

what is the net change in the filtrate after passing though the entirety of the loop of Henle

A
  • filtrate is slightly dilute in comparison to blood

- volume of filtrate significantly reduced

24
Q

what occurs in the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • NaCl is transported out of the filtrate
  • Water follows the flow of NaCl from the filtrate
  • Waste products are secreted into filtrate
25
Q

what hormone acts on the DCT

A

aldosterone

26
Q

what hormones act on the collecting duct

A

aldosterone and ADH/vasopressin

27
Q

what occurs in the collecting duct

A

filtrates last pass through the nephron where final concentration of urine is determined, permeability to water/salt depends on hormone control

28
Q

how does aldosterone work (big picture)

A
  • steroid hormone (long onset, long lasting)
  • secreted by adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood pressure
  • increases DCT and collecting duct’s ability to reabsorb Na+
  • as Na+ is reabsorbed, H2O is reabsorbed, and BP increases
29
Q

pathway of aldosterone release

A

low BP –> renin released from juxtaglomerular cells –> renin cleaves angiotensinogen, forming angiotensin I –> angiotensin-converting enzyme converts AGI –> AGII –> aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex

30
Q

what will be excreted when aldosterone is released

A

increased levels of K+ and H+

31
Q

how does ADH/vasopressin work (big picture)

A
  • peptide hormone (fast onset, short-term affects)
  • released by posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity
  • increases permeability of collecting duct to water and making cell junctions leaky
  • H2O is reabsorbed
32
Q

skin layers from inside out

A

hypodermis (subcutaneous), dermis, and epidermis

33
Q

from what germ layer is the skin derived from

A

the ectoderm

34
Q

what does the stratum basale do

A
  • stem cells

- produces keratinocytes which produce keratin

35
Q

where is the stratum lucid found

A

thick, hairless, skin (soles of feet and palms)

36
Q

layers of skin from superficial to deep

A

Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

37
Q

how do calluses form

A

keratin is deposited in excess due to repeated strain of friction

38
Q

what does melanin do

A
  • produced by melanocytes in the basal layer
  • pigment that protects DNA from UV radiation
  • melanocytes increase in production in response to UV radiation (tan)
39
Q

what do the Lanerhans cells do

A
  • macrophages in the spinosum

- present antigens to t-cells to activate the immune sytem

40
Q

where are most sensory receptors located

A

the dermis

  • Merkel cells (deep pressure)
  • Meissner’s corpuscles (light touch)
  • Ruffini endings (stretch)
  • Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure and vibration)

Kaplan Biology (9 decks)

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