Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
pulmonary circulation is maintained by what pump
first pump; right side
systemic circulation is maintained by what pump
second pump; left side
valve between RA and RV
tricuspid valve
ARTERIOVENTRICULAR
LAB RAT
valve between LA and RA
bicuspid valve/mitral valve
ARTERIOVENTRICULAR
LAB RAT
valve between RV and pulmonary
pulmonary valve
SEMILUNAR (three leaftlets)
valve between LV and aorta
aortic valve
SEMILUNAR (three leaflets)
flow of electrical impulse in the heart
SA node –> AV node –> bundle of His –> Purkinje fibers
location and function of SA node
- wall of the R atrium
- impulse initiation
- causes two atria to contract
atrial kick
additional volume of blood forced into the ventricles by atrial contraction
location and function of the AV node
- junction of atrium and ventricles
- delayed to allow ventricles to fill completely, then contracts ventricles
location of the bundle of His
-interventricular septum
location of the Purkinje fiber
- apex
- distribute electrical signal through the ventricular muscle
intercalated discs
comprised of many gap junctions which connect cardiac muscle cells directly through the cytoplasm
what branch of the nervous system controls the cardiovascular system
peripheral –> AUTONOMIC –> sympathetic (faster) and parasympathetic (slower)
what occurs during systole
ventricles contract + AV valves close –> blood pumped out of ventricles
what occurs during diastole
ventricles relax + semilunar valves close –> blood from atrium fill ventricles
cardiac output
total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute
cardiac output equation
CO = HR X SV
where SV is volume of blood pumped per beat
order of circulatory flow
arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venues –> veins
what type of cells line the circulatory system
endothelial cells
special functions of endothelial cells
- vasodilation/constriction
- immune response
- clotting
hepatic portal system
gut capillary beds –> liver capillary beds
hypophyseal portal system
hypothalamus capillary beds –> anterior pituitary capillary beds
renal portal system
glomerulus –> nephron
plasma
liquid part of blood
hemoglobin
carries oxygen on RBCs
1 hgb carries 4 O2
erythrocyte
RBCs
oxygen transport
how do red blood cells obtain ATP
through glycolysis
leukocytes
WBCs
immune response
granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- contain compound that are toxic to invaders which they release via exocytosis
lymphocyte
specific immune response, targeted and learnes
agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
monocytes
phagocytize foreign matter
when does a monocyte become a macrophage
one it leaves the blood and enters an organ
thrombocytes
platetes
clotting
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells and platelets
hormones that stimulate hematopiesis
erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
antigens
- surface protein of RBCs
- specific large to which the immune system can react
two antigen families for blood groups
ABO antigens
Rh factor
three alleles for blood type
- IA (co-dominant)
- IB (co-dominant)
- i (recessive)
blood phenotypes with genotypes
A – IAIA or IAi
B – IBIB of IBi
AB – IAIB
O – ii
what kind of inheritance is Rh positivity
autosomal dominant
Rh+ ( ++ or +-)
Rh- (–)
why is blood pressure vital to CV system health
must be kept appropriately high to propel blood forward
where does the largest drop in BP occur
across the arterioles
how is blood pressure regulated
baroreceptors in the walls of the vasculature
what causes a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve
- increased PaCO2
- increased H+
- increased temperature
Bohr Effect
decrease in hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen as the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right
what causes a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve
- decreased PaCO2
- increased H+
- decreased temperature
hydrostatic pressure
force blood exerts against the vessel walls
pushes fluid out of the bloodstream
osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure
“sucking” pressure generated by high solute concentration in the bloodstream that draws water in.
starling forces
balance of opposing forces (hydrostatic and osmotic)
what is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade
prothrombin forms thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a net-like structure of the area of damage
how are clots broken down
plasmin that generates plasminogen
