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Kaplan Biology > Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

pulmonary circulation is maintained by what pump

A

first pump; right side

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2
Q

systemic circulation is maintained by what pump

A

second pump; left side

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3
Q

valve between RA and RV

A

tricuspid valve
ARTERIOVENTRICULAR
LAB RAT

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4
Q

valve between LA and RA

A

bicuspid valve/mitral valve
ARTERIOVENTRICULAR
LAB RAT

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5
Q

valve between RV and pulmonary

A

pulmonary valve

SEMILUNAR (three leaftlets)

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6
Q

valve between LV and aorta

A

aortic valve

SEMILUNAR (three leaflets)

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7
Q

flow of electrical impulse in the heart

A

SA node –> AV node –> bundle of His –> Purkinje fibers

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8
Q

location and function of SA node

A
  • wall of the R atrium
  • impulse initiation
  • causes two atria to contract
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9
Q

atrial kick

A

additional volume of blood forced into the ventricles by atrial contraction

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10
Q

location and function of the AV node

A
  • junction of atrium and ventricles

- delayed to allow ventricles to fill completely, then contracts ventricles

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11
Q

location of the bundle of His

A

-interventricular septum

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12
Q

location of the Purkinje fiber

A
  • apex

- distribute electrical signal through the ventricular muscle

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13
Q

intercalated discs

A

comprised of many gap junctions which connect cardiac muscle cells directly through the cytoplasm

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14
Q

what branch of the nervous system controls the cardiovascular system

A

peripheral –> AUTONOMIC –> sympathetic (faster) and parasympathetic (slower)

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15
Q

what occurs during systole

A

ventricles contract + AV valves close –> blood pumped out of ventricles

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16
Q

what occurs during diastole

A

ventricles relax + semilunar valves close –> blood from atrium fill ventricles

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17
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

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18
Q

cardiac output equation

A

CO = HR X SV

where SV is volume of blood pumped per beat

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19
Q

order of circulatory flow

A

arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venues –> veins

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20
Q

what type of cells line the circulatory system

A

endothelial cells

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21
Q

special functions of endothelial cells

A
  • vasodilation/constriction
  • immune response
  • clotting
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22
Q

hepatic portal system

A

gut capillary beds –> liver capillary beds

23
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

hypothalamus capillary beds –> anterior pituitary capillary beds

24
Q

renal portal system

A

glomerulus –> nephron

25
Q

plasma

A

liquid part of blood

26
Q

hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen on RBCs

1 hgb carries 4 O2

27
Q

erythrocyte

A

RBCs

oxygen transport

28
Q

how do red blood cells obtain ATP

A

through glycolysis

29
Q

leukocytes

A

WBCs

immune response

30
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

  • contain compound that are toxic to invaders which they release via exocytosis
31
Q

lymphocyte

A

specific immune response, targeted and learnes

32
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

33
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytize foreign matter

34
Q

when does a monocyte become a macrophage

A

one it leaves the blood and enters an organ

35
Q

thrombocytes

A

platetes

clotting

36
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells and platelets

37
Q

hormones that stimulate hematopiesis

A

erythropoietin and thrombopoietin

38
Q

antigens

A
  • surface protein of RBCs

- specific large to which the immune system can react

39
Q

two antigen families for blood groups

A

ABO antigens

Rh factor

40
Q

three alleles for blood type

A
  • IA (co-dominant)
  • IB (co-dominant)
  • i (recessive)
41
Q

blood phenotypes with genotypes

A

A – IAIA or IAi
B – IBIB of IBi
AB – IAIB
O – ii

42
Q

what kind of inheritance is Rh positivity

A

autosomal dominant

Rh+ ( ++ or +-)
Rh- (–)

43
Q

why is blood pressure vital to CV system health

A

must be kept appropriately high to propel blood forward

44
Q

where does the largest drop in BP occur

A

across the arterioles

45
Q

how is blood pressure regulated

A

baroreceptors in the walls of the vasculature

46
Q

what causes a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

A
  • increased PaCO2
  • increased H+
  • increased temperature
47
Q

Bohr Effect

A

decrease in hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen as the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right

48
Q

what causes a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

A
  • decreased PaCO2
  • increased H+
  • decreased temperature
49
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force blood exerts against the vessel walls

pushes fluid out of the bloodstream

50
Q

osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure

A

“sucking” pressure generated by high solute concentration in the bloodstream that draws water in.

51
Q

starling forces

A

balance of opposing forces (hydrostatic and osmotic)

52
Q

what is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade

A

prothrombin forms thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a net-like structure of the area of damage

53
Q

how are clots broken down

A

plasmin that generates plasminogen

Kaplan Biology (9 decks)

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