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Kaplan Biology > Ch. 11: The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 11: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are muscle subtypes

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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2
Q

what does skeletal muscle do

A
  • voluntary movements
  • somatic nervous system
  • multi nucleated
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3
Q

what kind of muscle is striated

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle

d/t repeating units of sarcomeres

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4
Q

what are red fibers/slow twitch fibers

A
  • high myoglobin content
  • aerobic energy
  • high levels in muscles that contract slowly and sustain activity (posture)
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5
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

oxygen carrier that uses iron (in a heme group) to bind to oxygen

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6
Q

what are white/fast twitch fibers

A
  • low myoglobin content

- high levels in muscles that contract rapidly and fatigue quickly

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7
Q

what does smooth muscle do

A
  • involuntary action
  • autonomic nervous system
  • mono-nucleated
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8
Q

what occurs during myogenic activity

A

smooth or cardiac muscle contractions in response to stretch/stimuli without nervous system input

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9
Q

what does cardiac muscle do

A
  • cardiac muscle contractions
  • autonomic nervous system
  • mono AND dinucleated
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10
Q

how do cardiac muscle cells communicate

A

intercalated disks and gap junctions

allow for free flow of ions between cells and rapid, coordinated depolarization

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11
Q

what muscle types exhibit myogenic activity

A

smooth and cardiac muscle

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12
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

basic contractile unit of muscle

- made of thick (myosin) filaments and thin (actin, troponin, tropomyosin) filaments

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13
Q

what are thick filaments made of

A

myosin

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14
Q

what are thin filaments made of

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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15
Q

what does titan do

A

anchors actin and myosin together, preventing excessive stretching

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16
Q

where is the z-band located

A

the boundary of the sarcomere

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17
Q

where is the m-line located

A

down the center of the sarcomere

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18
Q

what does the I band contain

A

exclusively thin filaments

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19
Q

what does the H zone contain

A

exclusively thick filaments

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20
Q

what does the A-band contain

A

ALL thick filaments, with occasional overlap with thin filaments

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21
Q

what are myofibrils formed of

A

sarcomeres attached end to end

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22
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • covering that surrounds the myofibrils
  • modified endoplasmic reticulum
  • high Ca2+ ion content
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23
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

modified cytoplasm, located just outside the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A
  • the cell membrane of a myocyte

- can propagate action potential to all sarcomeres in a muscle using transverse tubules

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25
Q

what is the function of the transverse tubules

A

oriented perpendicularly to myofibrils and allow sarcolemmas to propagate action potentials to all sarcomeres in a muscle

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26
Q

how is a myocyte defined

A
  • contains many myofibrils arranged in parallel

- also called a muscle fiber

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27
Q

flow of signal for muscle contraction

A

efferent neurons propagate signal –> nerve terminal/motor end plate –> acetylcholine released into synapse –> acetylcholine binds to sarcolemma receptors –> depolarization –> action potential travels through t-tubules –> action potential travels into sarcoplasmic reticulum –> Ca2+ released

28
Q

what does a motor unit consist of

A

nerve terminal + myocytes

29
Q

what occurs at the neuromuscular junction

A

nervous system communicates with muscles

30
Q

where are myosin-binding sites and how are they exposed

A

actin/ thin filament

Ca2+ binds to troponin which changes conformation of the tropomyosin its bound to which exposes the sites on actin

31
Q

how is the sarcomere shortened

A

exposed actin myosin-binding sites form bridges with myosin (thick filament), pull on each other, and draw the thin filaments toward the M line

32
Q

which regions on a sarcomere change during contraction and which stay the same

A

H-zone and I-bands shorten while A-band is unchanged

33
Q

what is responsible for the powerstroke

A

dissociation of ADP + Pi

34
Q

how is myosin released from the actin filament

A

ATP binds to myosin

35
Q

how does relaxation occur

A

acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase –> signal terminates –> sarcolemma depolarizes –> SR takes up Ca2+

36
Q

what kind of response to muscle cells exhibit

A

all-or-nothing

just like the neurons that control them

37
Q

what kind of response is a simple twitch

A

single muscle fiber response to a brief stimulus

38
Q

what occurs during the latent period

A

after reaching threshold, action potential spreads along the muscle and allows for Ca2+ to be released before the onset of contraction

39
Q

what occurs during the phenomenon of frequency summation

A

after frequent and prolonged stimulation, contractions combine to become stronger and more prolonged

40
Q

what qualifies as tetanus

A

frequent stimulation –> frequent contractions –> unable to relax –> muscle fatigue

both d/t disease and normal conditions

41
Q

how is creatinine phosphate produced

A

a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to creatine in order to produce ADP during times of anaerobic muscle contraction

42
Q

what value does oxygen debt represent

A

the difference between the amount of oxygen needed by the muscles and the actual amount present

43
Q

what organisms have exoskeletons

A

typically arthropods (crustaceans and insects)

whole organism is encased, better protection of soft tissue, must be shed for growth

44
Q

what organisms have endoskeletons

A

vertebrates

skeleton is inside the soft tissue, better for growth, less soft tissue protection

45
Q

what comprises the axial skeleton

A

central framework

skull, vertebral column, ribcage, hyoid bone

46
Q

what comprises the appendicular skeleton

A

limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvis

47
Q

what are the major components of the skeleton

A

bone and cartilage

48
Q

what embryonic layer is bone derived from

A

the mesoderm

49
Q

what types of bone tissue are there

A

compact bone and spongy bone

50
Q

what kind of bone marrow are hematopoietic stem cells located in

A

red bone marrow

51
Q

what comprises yellow bone marrow

A

fat; relatively inactive

52
Q

where is compact bone located in a bone

A

the outermost portions of bone

53
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

the internal core

54
Q

where are diaphyses located

A

cylindrical shafts of bones

55
Q

where and how are metaphases formed

A

produced at the ends of bone shafts/diaphyses as the diaphyses swell

56
Q

where are epiphyses located

A

the terminal ends of bones, spongy core

57
Q

what is the function of the periosteum

A

fibrous sheath that surrounds the bones and allows for muscle attachment

58
Q

what do tendons attach

A

muscle to bone

59
Q

what to ligaments attach

A

bones to other bones at joints

60
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

build bone

61
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

reabsorb bones as macrophages

“chew bone”

62
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

chondrin that is secreted by chondrocytes

63
Q

what occurs during endochondral ossification

A

cartilage hardens into bones

64
Q

where are immoveable joints located

A

primarily in the skull

bones are fused together to form sutures

65
Q

what is located in the synovial capsule

A

the joint cavity and synovium (soft tissue layer) which secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

66
Q

what is the purpose of articular cartilage

A

covers the articular surfaces of the bone to cushion impact on the bones

Kaplan Biology (9 decks)

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