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Kaplan Biology > Ch. 8: The Immune System > Flashcards

Ch. 8: The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

innate immunity

A

immunity defenses that is are

  • always active
  • nonspecific to invaders

NONSPECIFIC immunity

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immunity defenses that target specific pathogens with immunologic memory

SPECIFIC immunity

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3
Q

where are leukocytes produced

A

the one marrow

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4
Q

B-cells

A
  • produced in bone marrow
  • activated in spleen/lymph nodes
  • turn into plasma cells
  • produce antibodies
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5
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodies in the blood rather than the cells

B-CELLS

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6
Q

T-cells

A
  • produced in the bone marrow

- mature in the thymus

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7
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

coordinate immune system and directly kill infected cells

T CELLS

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8
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • filter lymph
  • immune system responses can be mounted
  • *not glands**
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9
Q

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

A

immune tissue in close proximity to digestive system

  • tonsils
  • adenoids
  • Peyer’s patches (small intenstine)
  • aggregates in the appendix
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10
Q

what occurs during hematopoiesis

A

leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow

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11
Q

granulocytes

A

contain granules that are released via exocytosis as part of the immune response

  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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12
Q

agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

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13
Q

defensins

A

antibacterial enzymes found on skin

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14
Q

lysoszyme

A

enzyme secreted by mucus membranes around the eye and oral cavity

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15
Q

complement system

A

nonspecific immunity response that punches holes in bacterial cell walls

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16
Q

interferons

A

proteins produced in cells infected with viruses that prevent viral replication and dispersion

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17
Q

resident population

A

permanent rather than transient cell group in a tissue

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18
Q

functions of a macrophage

A
  • phagocytizes invader through endocytosis (envelope)
  • digests invader using enzymes
  • presents pieces of invader to other cells through MHC
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19
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

protein that binds to an antigen and so it can be recognized by the adaptive immune system

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20
Q

cytokines

A

released by macrophages

stimulate inflammation and recruit immune cells

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21
Q

MHC - I

A

endogenous pathway: binds antigens that come from inside cells

all nucleated cells

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22
Q

MHC - II

A

exogenous pathway: binds antigens originate from outside cells

antigen-presenting cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, some epithelial cells

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23
Q

antigen

A

substance that can be targeted by an antibody

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24
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

lymphocytes that recognize down regulation of MHC and induce apoptosis on viral infected cells

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25
Q

pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

A

recognize the category of invader for appropriate response

toll-like receptors (TLR) are the best-described

26
Q

function of neutrophils

A

phagocytes that target bacteria using chemotaxis

detect chemicals bacteria give off and move up chemical gradient toward them

27
Q

what does it mean to be opsonized

A

marked with an antibody from a B-cell

28
Q

function of eosinophils

A

allergic reactions and parasites

release histamine –> inflammation and vasodilation –> immune cells move out of blood stream and into tissues

29
Q

basophils

A

mast cells

release histamine –> inflammatory response

30
Q

what produces antibodies/immunoglobulins

A

B-cells

31
Q

what occurs after antibodies bind to antigens in free fluid

A

IN FLUIDS

  1. opsonization (attract other leukocytes for phagocytosis)
  2. aggluination (pathogens clump together to be phagocytized)
  3. block pathogen from invading tissues
32
Q

what occurs after antibodies bind to antigens on the cell surface

A

B-CELL
- cell activates, proliferation and memory cells
MAST CELL
- degranulation

33
Q

how many chains in antibodies

A

two heavy, two light held together with disulfide linkages

34
Q

where is the antigen-binding region

A

the tip of the Y

35
Q

clonal selection

A

mechanism for generating antibody specificity to antigen

36
Q

isotype switching

A

process in which cells change which isotype of antibody they produce when stimulated by a specific cytokine

37
Q

plasma cells

A

type of B-cell that produces a large amount of antibodies

38
Q

memory b-cells

A

type of B-cell that stays in the lymph node and awaits reexposure to the same antigen

39
Q

primary response

A

initial activation of antibodies to a new antigen. takes 7-10 days.

40
Q

secondary response

A

rapid production of antibodies by memory cells when exposed to an antigen for the second time

41
Q

positive selection

A

only allowing maturation of t-cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC

failing positive selection = t-cell can’t respond to antigens

42
Q

negative selection

A

causing apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive

failing negative selection = t-cell can respond to self-antigens

43
Q

thymosin

A

hormone in the thymus that facilitates maturation of t-cells

44
Q

Helper T-cells

A

CD4+ T-cells

  • coordinate immune response by secreting lymphokines
  • respond to MHC-II antigens
45
Q

lymphokines

A

secreted by helper t-cells

recruit other immune cells and increase their activity

46
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

CD8+ T-cells

  • directly kill virally infected cells by injecting chemicals that promote apopotosis
  • respond to MHC-I antigens
47
Q

Supressor T-Cells

A

Regulatory T-Cells

similar to helper t-cells, but also tone down immune response after infection has been contained

48
Q

self-tolerance

A

turning off of self-reactive lymphocytes by suppressor t-cells to prevent autoimmune disease

49
Q

memory t-cells

A

wait until exposure to a known antigen

50
Q

first step of defense in bacterial infection

A

macrophages attack

51
Q

first step of defense in viral infection

A

interferons released

52
Q

self antigens

A

proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of every cell that signal (under nl conditions) that cell is domestic and should not be attacked

53
Q

autoimmunity

A

attack on selfantigens

54
Q

allergy reactions

A

attack on harmless foreign antigens

55
Q

active immunity

A

immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against specific pathogens, which are then stored in memory

56
Q

passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies to an individual

ex: transfer of antibodies across placenta during pregnancy

57
Q

in what direction do lymphatic vessels become larger

A

as they move toward the center of the body

58
Q

what (most) do lymphatic vessels join

A

thoracic duct

59
Q

thoracic duct

A

duct in posterior chest that delivers lymph to circulatory system

60
Q

how do lymphatic vessels contribute to fluid drainage

A

vessels drain fluid that remains in tissues back (due to osmotic pressure < hydrostatic pressure at venous end of capillaries) into the circulatory system

61
Q

what do lacteals transport

A

fats packaged by the intestines

62
Q

germinal centers

A

collections of B-cells in the lymph nodes

Kaplan Biology (9 decks)

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