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BIO153 > Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal and smooth muscles cells that are elongated are called…

A

Muscle fibers

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2
Q

The type of muscle with the longest muscle cells and obvious striations that are activated voluntarily. It is responsible for overall body mobility

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

The muscle tissue that is found only in the heart, is striated and moves involuntarily. Makes up the bulk of the heart wall to pump blood

A

Cardiac muscle

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4
Q

The muscle type that is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs and forces fluids and other substances through internal body channels. It is non striated and voluntary

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

The ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus by changing its membrane potential

A

Excitability or responsiveness

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6
Q

The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated

A

Contractility

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7
Q

The ability to extend or stretch

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

The ability of a muscle cell to recoil and resume its resting length after stretching

A

Elasticity

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9
Q

An overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

A

Epimysium

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10
Q

Within each skeletal muscle, the muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called…

A

Fascicles

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11
Q

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

A wispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber. It consists of fine areolar connective tissue

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

The part where the muscle attaches on the movable bone

A

Insertion

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14
Q

The part where the muscle attaches on the immovable or less movable bone

A

Origin

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15
Q

The epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of a bone or perichondrium of a cartilage in this form of attachment

A

Direct (fleshy) attachments

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16
Q

The muscle’s connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle either as a ropelike tendon or as a sheetlike aponeurosis in this form of attachment

A

Indirect attachments

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17
Q

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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18
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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19
Q

Granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during muscle cell activity for ATP production

A

Glycosomes

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20
Q

A red pigment that stores oxygen

A

Myoglobin

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21
Q

These account for about 80% of cellular volume and a single muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of these that run parallel to its length

A

Myofibrils

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22
Q

A repeating series of dark and light bands that are evident along the length of each myofibril

A

Striations

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23
Q

Dark and light bands that are nearly perfectly aligned in a intact muscle fiber, giving the cell its striated appearance

A

A bands (dark) and I bands (light)

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24
Q

Each dark A band has a lighter region in its midsection called the…

A

H zone

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25
Q

Each H zone is bisected vertically by a dark line called the… It is formed by molecules of the protein myomesin

A

M line

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26
Q

Each light I band also has a midline interruption, a darker area called the…

A

Z disc

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27
Q

The region of myofibril between two successive Z discs. It is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber- the functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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28
Q

The muscle equivalents of the actin or myosin-containing microfilaments. These structures are located within the sarcomere

A

Myofilaments

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29
Q

Myosin makes up this type of filament and extends the entire length of the A band

A

Thick filaments

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30
Q

This type of filament contains actin and extends across the I band and partway into the A band

A

Thin filaments

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31
Q

This protein molecule consists of two heavy and four light polypeptide chains and has a rodlike tail attached by a flexible hinge to two globular heads.

A

Myosin

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32
Q

The attachment of linking the thick and thin filaments together by the globular heads on the myosin molecule

A

Cross bridges

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33
Q

Made up of kidney-shaped polypeptide subunits, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction

A

Actin

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34
Q

A rod-shaped protein, spirals about the actin core and helps to stiffen and stabilize it. In a relaxed muscle fiber, they block myosin-binding sites on actin so that myosin heads on the thick filaments cannot bind to the thin filaments

A

Tropomyosin

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35
Q

A globular three-polypeptide complex that is a major protein in thin filaments

A

Troponin

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36
Q

Composed of the giant protein titin and holds the thick filaments in place while also helping the muscle cell spring back int shape after stretching

A

Elastic filament

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37
Q

An important structural protein that links the thin filaments to the integral proteins of the sarcolemma

A

Dystrophin

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38
Q

An elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

39
Q

Part of the SR that forms larger, perpendicular cross channels at the A band-I band junction

A

Terminal cisterns

40
Q

At each A band-I band junction, the sarcolemma of the muscle cell protrudes deep into the cell interior, forming an elongated tube called the…

A

T tubule

41
Q

Successive groupings of the three membranous structures (terminal cistern, T tubule, and terminal cistern)

A

Triads

42
Q

Activation of myosin’s cross bridges (“shortening”)

A

Contraction

43
Q

States that during contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree

A

Sliding filament model of contraction

44
Q

An electrical current generated by a nervous system stimulation

A

Action potential

45
Q

Nerve cells that activate skeletal muscle fibers. They reside in the brain or spinal cord

A

Somatic motor neurons

46
Q

Junction formed by several short, curling branches within a single muscle fiber by an axon

A

Neuromuscular junction or motor end plate

47
Q

The space that separates the axon terminal and the muscle fiber

A

Synaptic cleft

48
Q

Small membranous sacs containing the neurotransmitter ACh. They are located in the axon terminal

A

Synaptic vesicles

49
Q

The neurotransmitter that is released and binds to receptors on sarcolemma to ignite action potential

A

Acetylcholine or ACh

50
Q

The trough-like part of the muscle fiber’s sarcolemma that helps form the neuromuscular junction. it is highly folded to provide a large surface area for the millions of ACh receptors located there

A

Junctional folds

51
Q

Located on the junctional folds of the sarcolemma

A

ACh receptors

52
Q

After ACh binds to the ACh receptors, its effects are quickly terminated by this enzyme that is located in the synaptic cleft… It breaks down ACh to its building blocks

A

Acetylcholinesterase

53
Q

A disease that involves a shortage of ACh receptors and results in drooping upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, and generalized muscle weakness

A

Myasthenia

54
Q

Depolarization (interior of the sarcolemma becomes less negative)

A

End plate potential

55
Q

During repolarization, a muscle fiber is in this period because the cell cannot be stimulated again until repolarization is complete

A

Refractory period

56
Q

The sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma causes myofilaments to slide

A

Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling

57
Q

When actin and myosin become irreversibly cross-linked this occurs…

A

Rigor mortis

58
Q

The force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object

A

Muscle tension

59
Q

The opposing force exerted on the muscle by the weight of the object to be moved

A

The load

60
Q

When tension builds to the muscle’s peak tension-producing capacity, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

A

Isometric contraction

61
Q

When muscle length shortens and moves a load

A

Isotonic contraction

62
Q

The nerve-muscle functional unit that consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (supplies)

A

Motor unit

63
Q

A recording of contractile activity

A

Myogram

64
Q

A motor unit’s response to a single action potential of its motor neuron

A

Muscle twitch

65
Q

The first few milliseconds following stimulation when excitation-contraction coupling is occuring

A

Latent period

66
Q

During this period, the cross bridges are active and the myogram tracing rises to a peak

A

Period of contraction

67
Q

During this period, contractile force is declining and the tracing returns to the baseline. It is initiated by reentry of Ca2+ into the SR

A

Period of relaxation

68
Q

Variations in strength, needed for proper control of skeletal movement

A

Graded muscle responses

69
Q

This occurs when the second contraction occurs before the muscle has completely relaxed. (Contractions are added together on top of one another)

A

Wave or temporal summation

70
Q

Sustained but quivering contraction when the degree of wave summation becomes greater and greater but hasn’t reached maximal tension

A

Unfused or incomplete tetanus

71
Q

When muscle tension increases until it reaches maximal tension, the contractions fuse into a smooth, sustained contraction plateau called…

A

Fused or complete tetanus

72
Q

Controls the force of contraction more precisely

A

Recruitment (multiple motor unit summation)

73
Q

Stimuli that produce no observable contractions

A

Sub-threshold stimuli

74
Q

The stimulus at which the first observable contraction occurs

A

Threshold stimulus

75
Q

The strongest stimulus that increases contractile force. It represents the point at which all the muscle’s motor units are recruited

A

Maximal stimulus

76
Q

1) The motor units with the smallest muscle fibers are activated first
2) As motor units with larger muscle fibers begin to be excited, contractile strength increases
3) The largest motor units, are controlled by the largest, least excitable neurons and are activated only when the most powerful contraction is necessary

A

Size principle of recruitment

77
Q

The phenomenon that relaxed muscles are almost always slightly contracted and helps stabilize joints and maintain posture

A

Muscle tone

78
Q

A type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens and does work

A

Concentric contractions

79
Q

A type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle generates force as it lengthens

A

Eccentric contractions

80
Q

A unique, high-energy molecule stored in muscles that is tapped to regenerate ATP while the metabolic pathways adjust to the suddenly higher demand for ATP. It is involved in direct phosphorylation

A

Creatine phosphate

81
Q

The CP-ADP reaction in direct phosphorylation is catalyzed by this enzyme

A

Creatine kinase

82
Q

The initial phase of glucose breakdown that is used to form ATP in the anaerobic pathway

A

Glycolysis

83
Q

Overall process of pyruvic acid being converted to lactic acid

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

84
Q

A product of anaerobic glycolysis that diffused out of the muscles into the bloodstream and often leads to muscle soreness

A

Lactic acid

85
Q

Occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, and involves a sequence of chemical reactions that break the bonds of fuel molecules and release energy to make ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

86
Q

The length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways

A

Aerobic endurance

87
Q

The point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis

A

Anaerobic threshold

88
Q

A state of physiological inability to contract even though the muscle still may be receiving stimuli

A

Muscle fatigue

89
Q

The extra amount of oxygen that the body must take in for these restorative process

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

90
Q

The situation in which the muscle is slightly stretched and the thin and thick filaments overlap optimally, because this permits sliding along nearly the entire length of the thinfilaments

A

Ideal Length-tension relationship

91
Q

Cells that rely mostly on the oxygen-using aerobic pathways for ATP generation

A

Oxidative fibers

92
Q

Cells that rely more on anaerobic glycolysis and creatine phosphate

A

Glycolytic fibers

93
Q

Exercises such as swimming, jogging, fast walking, and biking are examples of…

A

Aerobic or endurance exercise

94
Q

Exercise such as weight lifting, or isometric exercises are examples of…

A

Resistance exercise

BIO153 (8 decks)

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