Ch 2. Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards
1
Q
Anything that occupies space
A
Matter
2
Q
Capacity to do work
A
Energy
3
Q
Energy in action
A
Kinetic energy
4
Q
Stored energy; energy that has the capability to do work
A
Potential energy
5
Q
The form of energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances
A
Chemical energy
6
Q
Energy that results from the movement of charged particles
A
Electrical energy
7
Q
Energy directly involved in moving matter
A
Mechanical energy
8
Q
Energy that travels in waves
A
Radiant energy (electromagnetic radiation)
9
Q
Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
A
Elements
10
Q
The first letters of the element’s name
A
Atomic symbol
11
Q
A simplified model of atomic structure
A
Planetary model
12
Q
Regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time
A
Orbitals
13
Q
Depicts probable regions of greatest electron density by denser shading
A
Orbital model
14
Q
Number of protons in an atom
A
Atomic number
15
Q
The sum of the masses of an atom’s protons and neutrons
A
Mass number
16
Q
Atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
A
Isotopes
17
Q
An average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature
A
Atomic weight
18
Q
Unstable isotopes where atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms
A
Radioisotopes
19
Q
Two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds are…
A
Molecules
20
Q
When two or more different kinds of atoms bind they form a …
A
Compound
21
Q
Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
A
Mixtures
22
Q
Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids
A
Solutions
23
Q
The substance present in the greatest amount (dissolving medium)
A
Solvent
24
Q
Substances present in smaller amounts (dissolved in the solvent)
A
Solutes
25
Moles per liter; way to express a concentration of a solution
Molarity
26
Heterogeneous mixtures; composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture
Colloids (emulsions)
27
To change reversibly from a fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state
Sol-gel transformations
28
Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out
Suspensions
29
An energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms and it is made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second
Chemical bonds
30
An atom's outermost energy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive
Valence shell
31
After the first shell is full with 2 electrons, each energy shell can only contain up to 8 electrons
Octet rule
32
Atoms with a charge
Ions
33
A chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
Ionic bond
34
The electron acceptor, that acquires a negative charge is called...
Anion
35
The electron donor, that acquires a positive charge is called...
Cation
36
Large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
Crystals
37
A bond where electrons are shared and occupy a single orbital common to both atoms
Covalent bond
38
Electrically balanced molecules
Nonpolar molecules
39
Unequal electron pair sharing
Polar molecules
40
The capability to strongly attract electrons (electron-hungry)
Electronegativity
41
Atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons are...
Electropositive
42
Another name for a polar molecule; an atom that has two poles of charge
Dipole
43
Whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
Chemical reaction
44
The number and kinds of the interacting substances
Reactants
45
The chemical composition of the result of the reaction
Products
46
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule (bond formation)
Synthesis or combination
47
When a molecules is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
Decomposition reaction
48
Constructive activities in body cells
Anabolic
49
Degradative processes in body cells
Catabolic
50
Reactions that involve both synthesis and decomposition
Exchange or displacement reactions
51
Decomposition reactions that are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy
Redox reactions
52
The reactant losing the electrons is the electron donor and is said to be...
Oxidized
53
The reactant taking up the transferred electrons is the electron acceptor and is said to become...
Reduced
54
Reactions that release energy
Exergonic reactions
55
Reactions that absorb energy and contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants
Endergonic reactions
56
When neither the forward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant
Chemical equilibrium
57
Compounds that contain carbon and are covalently bonded molecules
Organic compounds
58
All other chemicals in the body; includes water, salts, and many acids and bases
Inorganic compounds
59
Water is often called...
The universal solvent
60
Layers of water molecules around large charged molecules such as proteins, shielding them from the effects of other charged substances in the vicinity and preventing them from settling out of solution
Hydration layers
61
An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-)
Salt
62
Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
Electrolytes
63
A substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; proton donors
Acids
64
Substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; proton acceptors
Bases
65
An important base in the body that is particularly abundant in blood
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
66
A common waste product of protein breakdown in the body (base)
Ammonia (NH3)
67
When acids and bases are mixed they react with each other in displacement reactions to form water and a salt. This is called...
Neutralization reactions
68
These resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions when the pH begins to rise and by binding hydrogen ions when the pH drops
Buffers
69
A major buffer system that helps to maintain pH homeostasis of the blood
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
70
The property that neither desires to take or give away electrons
Electroneutral
71
Chainlike molecules made of many smaller, identical or similar units
Polymers
72
The process by which a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with. As a covalent bond unites the monomers, a water molecule is released.
Dehydration synthesis
73
In these reactions, a water molecule is added to each bond to be broken down, thereby releasing its building blocks or smaller molecules
Hydrolysis
74
A group of molecules that includes sugars and starches and contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
75
Simple sugars that are single-chain structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
76
Double sugars that are formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
77
Structures with the same molecular formula, but with atoms that are arranged differently, giving them different chemical properties
Isomers
78
Polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
79
A polysaccharide found in hall plant products. It is important in providing the bulk that helps move feces through the colon
Cellulose
80
The storage carbohydrate of animal tissues, is stored primarily in skeletal muscle and liver cells
Glycogen
81
Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol
Lipids
82
Fats when solid or oils when liquid. They provide the body's most efficient and compact form of stored energy, and when they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy
Triglycerides (neutral fats)
83
Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as saturated
Saturated
84
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated
85
Oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds
Trans fats
86
Diglycerides with a phosphorus-containing group and two, rather than three, fatty acid chains
Phospholipids
87
Flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. They are fat soluble and contain little oxygen
Steroids
88
Diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes
Eicosanoids
89
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
90
Composes 10-30% of cell mass`
Protein
91
Long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis
Peptide bond
92
Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids
Macromolecules
93
Extended and strandlike proteins that are insoluble in water and very stable
Fibrous proteins (structural proteins)
94
Compact, spherical proteins that are water-soluble, chemically active molecules and they play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes
Globular proteins (functional proteins)
95
When proteins unfold and lose their specific three-dimensional shape it is said to be...
Denatured
96
Functional enzyme
Holoenzyme
97
The part of the enzyme where catalytic activity occurs
Active site
98
The substance on which an enzyme acts
Substrate
99
Every chemical reaction requires that a certain amount of energy be absorbed to prime the reaction. This energy is called...
Activation energy
100
Molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that are the largest molecules in the body
Nucleic acids
101
The structural units of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
102
The primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
103
Bases of DNA that always bond to each other
Complementary bases
