Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO153 > Ch 2. Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

Ch 2. Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that occupies space

A

Matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Capacity to do work

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Energy in action

A

Kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stored energy; energy that has the capability to do work

A

Potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The form of energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances

A

Chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Energy that results from the movement of charged particles

A

Electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Energy directly involved in moving matter

A

Mechanical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Energy that travels in waves

A

Radiant energy (electromagnetic radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

A

Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The first letters of the element’s name

A

Atomic symbol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A simplified model of atomic structure

A

Planetary model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time

A

Orbitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Depicts probable regions of greatest electron density by denser shading

A

Orbital model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Number of protons in an atom

A

Atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The sum of the masses of an atom’s protons and neutrons

A

Mass number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature

A

Atomic weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Unstable isotopes where atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms

A

Radioisotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds are…

A

Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When two or more different kinds of atoms bind they form a …

A

Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed

A

Mixtures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids

A

Solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The substance present in the greatest amount (dissolving medium)

A

Solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Substances present in smaller amounts (dissolved in the solvent)

A

Solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Moles per liter; way to express a concentration of a solution

A

Molarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Heterogeneous mixtures; composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture

A

Colloids (emulsions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

To change reversibly from a fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state

A

Sol-gel transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out

A

Suspensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

An energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms and it is made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second

A

Chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

An atom’s outermost energy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive

A

Valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

After the first shell is full with 2 electrons, each energy shell can only contain up to 8 electrons

A

Octet rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Atoms with a charge

A

Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

A

Ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The electron acceptor, that acquires a negative charge is called…

A

Anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The electron donor, that acquires a positive charge is called…

A

Cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds

A

Crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A bond where electrons are shared and occupy a single orbital common to both atoms

A

Covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Electrically balanced molecules

A

Nonpolar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Unequal electron pair sharing

A

Polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The capability to strongly attract electrons (electron-hungry)

A

Electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons are…

A

Electropositive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Another name for a polar molecule; an atom that has two poles of charge

A

Dipole

43
Q

Whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

A

Chemical reaction

44
Q

The number and kinds of the interacting substances

A

Reactants

45
Q

The chemical composition of the result of the reaction

A

Products

46
Q

When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule (bond formation)

A

Synthesis or combination

47
Q

When a molecules is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms

A

Decomposition reaction

48
Q

Constructive activities in body cells

A

Anabolic

49
Q

Degradative processes in body cells

A

Catabolic

50
Q

Reactions that involve both synthesis and decomposition

A

Exchange or displacement reactions

51
Q

Decomposition reactions that are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy

A

Redox reactions

52
Q

The reactant losing the electrons is the electron donor and is said to be…

A

Oxidized

53
Q

The reactant taking up the transferred electrons is the electron acceptor and is said to become…

A

Reduced

54
Q

Reactions that release energy

A

Exergonic reactions

55
Q

Reactions that absorb energy and contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants

A

Endergonic reactions

56
Q

When neither the forward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant

A

Chemical equilibrium

57
Q

Compounds that contain carbon and are covalently bonded molecules

A

Organic compounds

58
Q

All other chemicals in the body; includes water, salts, and many acids and bases

A

Inorganic compounds

59
Q

Water is often called…

A

The universal solvent

60
Q

Layers of water molecules around large charged molecules such as proteins, shielding them from the effects of other charged substances in the vicinity and preventing them from settling out of solution

A

Hydration layers

61
Q

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-)

A

Salt

62
Q

Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

A

Electrolytes

63
Q

A substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; proton donors

A

Acids

64
Q

Substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; proton acceptors

A

Bases

65
Q

An important base in the body that is particularly abundant in blood

A

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

66
Q

A common waste product of protein breakdown in the body (base)

A

Ammonia (NH3)

67
Q

When acids and bases are mixed they react with each other in displacement reactions to form water and a salt. This is called…

A

Neutralization reactions

68
Q

These resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions when the pH begins to rise and by binding hydrogen ions when the pH drops

A

Buffers

69
Q

A major buffer system that helps to maintain pH homeostasis of the blood

A

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

70
Q

The property that neither desires to take or give away electrons

A

Electroneutral

71
Q

Chainlike molecules made of many smaller, identical or similar units

A

Polymers

72
Q

The process by which a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with. As a covalent bond unites the monomers, a water molecule is released.

A

Dehydration synthesis

73
Q

In these reactions, a water molecule is added to each bond to be broken down, thereby releasing its building blocks or smaller molecules

A

Hydrolysis

74
Q

A group of molecules that includes sugars and starches and contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

Simple sugars that are single-chain structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

76
Q

Double sugars that are formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharides

77
Q

Structures with the same molecular formula, but with atoms that are arranged differently, giving them different chemical properties

A

Isomers

78
Q

Polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

79
Q

A polysaccharide found in hall plant products. It is important in providing the bulk that helps move feces through the colon

A

Cellulose

80
Q

The storage carbohydrate of animal tissues, is stored primarily in skeletal muscle and liver cells

A

Glycogen

81
Q

Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol

A

Lipids

82
Q

Fats when solid or oils when liquid. They provide the body’s most efficient and compact form of stored energy, and when they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy

A

Triglycerides (neutral fats)

83
Q

Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as saturated

A

Saturated

84
Q

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

A

Unsaturated

85
Q

Oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds

A

Trans fats

86
Q

Diglycerides with a phosphorus-containing group and two, rather than three, fatty acid chains

A

Phospholipids

87
Q

Flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. They are fat soluble and contain little oxygen

A

Steroids

88
Q

Diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes

A

Eicosanoids

89
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

90
Q

Composes 10-30% of cell mass`

A

Protein

91
Q

Long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis

A

Peptide bond

92
Q

Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids

A

Macromolecules

93
Q

Extended and strandlike proteins that are insoluble in water and very stable

A

Fibrous proteins (structural proteins)

94
Q

Compact, spherical proteins that are water-soluble, chemically active molecules and they play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes

A

Globular proteins (functional proteins)

95
Q

When proteins unfold and lose their specific three-dimensional shape it is said to be…

A

Denatured

96
Q

Functional enzyme

A

Holoenzyme

97
Q

The part of the enzyme where catalytic activity occurs

A

Active site

98
Q

The substance on which an enzyme acts

A

Substrate

99
Q

Every chemical reaction requires that a certain amount of energy be absorbed to prime the reaction. This energy is called…

A

Activation energy

100
Q

Molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that are the largest molecules in the body

A

Nucleic acids

101
Q

The structural units of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

102
Q

The primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

103
Q

Bases of DNA that always bond to each other

A

Complementary bases

BIO153 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions