Ch 1. The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
How the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Physiology
The study of the large body structures visible to the naked eye
Gross/Macroscopic anatomy
All the structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time
Regional anatomy
Body structure is studied system by system
Systemic anatomy
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Surface anatomy
Studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
Study of cells
Cytology
Study of tissues
Histology
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
Developmental anatomy
Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Embryology
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
Auscultation
Concerns kidney function and urine production
Renal physiology
Explains the workings of the nervous system
Neurophysiology
Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular physiology
The principle that, what a structure can do depends on its specific form
Principle of complementarity of structure and function
The level at which atoms combine to form molecules such as water and protein
Chemical level
Groups of similar cells that have a common function
Tissues
Basic components of the microscopic cells
Organelles
A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Organ
The level at which extremely complex functions become possible
Organ level
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an…
Organ system level
Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Organismal level
The muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening is called…
Contractility
The ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
Responsiveness or excitability
The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Digestion
All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Metabolism
The process of removing wastes (excreta) from the body
Excretion
Original cell divides, producing 2 identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair
Reproduction
An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
Growth
Nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
Survival needs
Contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Nutrients
What is the most abundant chemical substance in the body?
Water
The force that air exerts on the surface of the body
Atmospheric pressure
The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Homeostasis
Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center
Receptor
Provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
Effector
In these systems, the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
Negative feedback mechanisms
In these systems, the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
Positive feedback mechanisms
Diseases are a result of this
Homeostatic imbalance
Anatomical reference point
Anatomical position
Makes up the axis of our body and includes head, neck, and trunk
Axial part
This part of the body consists of the appendages, which are attached to the body’s axis
Appendicular part
The serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called…
Serous fluid
A thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs
Serosa
The part of the membrane that lines the cavity walls
Parietal visceral serosa
