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BIO153 > Ch 5. The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch 5. The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Composed of epithelial cells, it is the outermost protective shield of the body

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

This layer makes up the bulk of the skin and is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of dense connective tissue

A

Dermis

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3
Q

The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin that anchors the skin to the underlying structures (mostly muscles) but allows the skin to slide relatively freely over the structures

A

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

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4
Q

Cells that undergo almost continuous mitosis in response to prompting by epidermal growth factor. They are located in the stratum basale

A

Keratinocytes

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5
Q

The fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

A

Keratin

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6
Q

Thickening of the epidermis

A

Callus

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7
Q

The spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin and are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

A

Melanocytes

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8
Q

Star-shaped cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. They ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

A

Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)

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9
Q

Cells that are shaped like a spiky hemisphere and is associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending. They are present at the epidermal junction

A

Tactile (Merkel) cells

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10
Q

The deepest epidermal layer that is attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline that resembles corrugated cardboard.

A

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)

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11
Q

An epidermal layer that is several cell layers thick and contains a weblike system of intermediate filaments

A

Stratum Spinosum (prickly)

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12
Q

A thin epidermal layer in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically, and the process of keratinization begins

A

Stratum Granulosum

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13
Q

One type of granule located in the stratum granulosum that helps to form keratin in the upper layers

A

Keratohyaline granules

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14
Q

One type of granule located in the stratum granulosum that contains a water-resistent glycolipid that is spewed into the extracellular space

A

Lamellar granules

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15
Q

An epidermal layer only visible in thick skin that is composed of a translucent band just above the stratum granulosum

A

Stratum Lucidum

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16
Q

The outermost epidermal layer is a broad zone 20 to 30 cell layers thick that accounts for up to three-quarters of the epidermal thickness

A

Stratum Corneum

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17
Q

The shingle-like cell remnants of the stratum corneum

A

Horny cells

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18
Q

The thin, superficial layer of the dermis that is made up of areolar connective tissue

A

Papillary layer

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19
Q

Peglike projections from the surface of the papillary layer

A

Dermal papillae

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20
Q

In thick skin, papillae lie atop larger mounds called…

A

Dermal ridges

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21
Q

Skin ridges that enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet l

A

Friction ridges (epidermal ridges)

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22
Q

The course layer of the dermis made up of dense irregular connective tissue that accounts for about 80% of the dermis

A

Reticular layer

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23
Q

Separations, or less dense regions between bundles of collagen fibers form…

A

Cleavage (tension) lines

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24
Q

Dermal folds that occur at or near joints where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures

A

Flexure lines

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25
Q

A polymer made of tyrosine amino acids that determines skin color

A

Melanin

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26
Q

A yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots. It accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

A

Carotene

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27
Q

Oxygenated pigment located in red blood cells that circulates through the dermal capillaries

A

Hemoglobin

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28
Q

When the skin appears blue due to poorly oxygenated hemoglobin

A

Cyanosis

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29
Q

Includes hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Skin appendages

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30
Q

Flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells

A

Hairs (pili)

31
Q

The central core of the hair bulb that consists of large cells, air spaces and contains soft keratin

A

Medulla

32
Q

The bulky layer of the hair bulb that consists of several layers of flattened cells and surrounds the medulla

A

Cortex

33
Q

The outermost layer of the hair bulb that is formed from a single layer of cells overlapping one another

A

Cuticle

34
Q

Folds down from the epidermal surface into the dermis

A

Hair follicles

35
Q

A knot of sensory nerve endings that wraps around each hair bulb

A

Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)

36
Q

The outer part of the hair follicle wall

A

Peripheral connective tissue sheath

37
Q

The thickened basal lamina of the wall of the hair follicle

A

Glassy membrane

38
Q

The inner layer of the hair follicle wall derived mainly from the invagination of the epidermis

A

Epithelial root sheath

39
Q

Actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair

A

Hair matrix

40
Q

A bundle of smooth muscle cells, “raiser of hair”

A

Arrector pili

41
Q

Pale, fine hair found in children and adult females

A

Vellus hair

42
Q

The coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp

A

Terminal hair

43
Q

Excessive hairiness

A

Hirsuitism

44
Q

Hair thinning or some degree of baldness

A

Alopecia

45
Q

Genetically determined, sex-influenced condition that causes baldness

A

Male pattern baldness

46
Q

A condition in which the immune system attacks the follicles and the hair falls out in patches

A

Alopecia areata

47
Q

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed

A

Nail matrix

48
Q

Proximal and lateral borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds

A

Nail folds

49
Q

The part of the nail where the proximal nail fold projects onto the nail body

A

Cuticle (eponychium)

50
Q

The thickened region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debris tend to accumulate

A

Hyponychium

51
Q

The type of glands that are distributed all over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia

A

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

52
Q

Sweat glands that are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

A

Eccrine sweat glands (merocrine)

53
Q

Sweat glands that are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas

A

Apocrine sweat glands

54
Q

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal

A

Ceruminous glands

55
Q

A type of specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

A

Mammary glands

56
Q

Simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles

A

Sebaceous glands (oil glands)

57
Q

Secretion of sebaceous glands

A

Sebum

58
Q

The low pH of skin secretions

A

Acid mantle

59
Q

Natural antibiotics that skin cells secrete

A

Defensins

60
Q

Protective peptides that sounded skin releases

A

Cathelicidins

61
Q

Routine and unnoticeable sweating

A

Insensible perspiration

62
Q

Visible output of sweat

A

Sensible perspiration

63
Q

Exteroceptors that respond to stimuli arising outside the body and are supplied richly in the skin

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors

64
Q

The least malignant and most common type of skin cancer, that accounts for nearly 80% of cases

A

Basal cell carcinoma

65
Q

The second most common skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

66
Q

Cancer of the melanocytes; the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metstastic and resistant to chemotherapy

A

Melanoma

67
Q

Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and kill cells in the affected areas

A

Burn

68
Q

The volume of fluid lost can be estimated by computing the percentage of body surface burned using this rule

A

Rule of nines

69
Q

Only the epidermis is damaged in this type of burn

A

First-degree burns

70
Q

These burns injure the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Blisters appear and the area is red and painful but the skin will regenerate in 3-4 weeks

A

Second-degree burns (partial-thickness)

71
Q

These burns involve the entire thickness of the skin. It appears gray-white, cherry red, or blackened and initially there is little or no edema. Nerve endings have been destroyed and skin grafting is advised.

A

Third-degree burns (full-thickness)

72
Q

Burned skin

A

Eschar

73
Q

A downy coat of delicate, colorless hairs that covers a fetus during the fifth and sixth months and is shed by the seventh month

A

Lanugo coat

74
Q

Scaling and various kinds of skin inflammation

A

Dermatitis

BIO153 (8 decks)

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