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BIO153 > Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The master controlling and communicating system of the body

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Gathered information from sensory nerves

A

Sensory input

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3
Q

The interpretation of sensory input and decision on what should be done at each moment

A

Integration

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4
Q

A response carried out by the muscles and glanes

A

Motor output

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5
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the integrating and control center of the nervous system. It interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experience

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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6
Q

The part of the nervous system that is outside the CNS and consists mainly of nerves and ganglia

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

A division of the PNS that consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body

A

Sensory (afferent division)

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8
Q

Fibers that convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

A

Somatic sensory fibers

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9
Q

Fibers that transmit impulses from the visceral organs

A

Visceral sensory fibers

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10
Q

A division of the PNS that transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs, which are the muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent division)

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11
Q

A further division of the motor division that is composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system (voluntary nervous system)

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12
Q

A further division of the motor division that consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system)

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13
Q

Supporting cells that surround and wrap the more delicate neurons

A

Neuroglia

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14
Q

Nerve cells that are excitable and transmit electrical signals

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Smaller cells that support and maintain neurons

A

Neuroglia

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16
Q

A type of PNS neuroglia that surrounds neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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17
Q

A type of PNS neuroglia that surround all nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths around the thicker nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

Bundles of intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining cell shape and integrity

A

Neurofibrils

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19
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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20
Q

Clusters of cell bodies that lie along the nerves in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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21
Q

Bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

A

Tracts

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22
Q

Bundles of neuron processes in the PNS

A

Nerves

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23
Q

Short, tapering, diffusely branching extensions of motor neurons that convey incoming messages toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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24
Q

Long part of a neuron that can vary in length and generates nerve impulses and transmits them away from the cell body along the plasma membrane

A

Axon

25
Q

Cone-shaped part of neuron where the axon arises from

A

Axon hillock

26
Q

Occasional branches extending from the length of the axon

A

Axon collaterals

27
Q

Branches at the end of the axon that contain distal endings

A

Terminal branches and Axon Terminals

28
Q

Movement away from the cell body

A

Anterograde movement

29
Q

Movement towards the cell body

A

Retrograde movement

30
Q

A whitish, fatty, segmented substance that surrounds a nerve fiber (long axon). It protects and electrically insulates the fibers and increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses

A

Myelin sheath

31
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at regular intervals along a myelinated axon

A

Myelin sheath gaps or nodes of Ranvier

32
Q

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

White matter

33
Q

Regions that contain mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

34
Q

A type of neuron that has 3 or more process, makes up 99% of neurons and are either interneurons or motor neurons

A

Multipolar neurons

35
Q

A type of neuron that has 2 processes, usually sensory neurons, and are rare; only found in some organs

A

Bipolar neurons

36
Q

A type of neuron that has a single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides into proximal and distal branches. They are mostly found in ganglia in the PNS and function as sensory neurons

A

Unipolar neurons

37
Q

The type of neuron that transmits impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward or into the central nervous system

A

Sensory or afferent neurons

38
Q

The type of neuron that carries impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs of the body1

A

Motor or efferent neurons

39
Q

Lies between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

40
Q

The measure of potential energy generated by separated electrical charges

A

Voltage

41
Q

The difference in charge between two points that measures voltage

A

Potential difference

42
Q

The flow of electrical charge from one point to another

A

Current

43
Q

The hindrance to charge flow provided by substances through which the current must pass

A

Resistance

44
Q

Gives the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

A

Ohm’s law

45
Q

The channels that open when the appropriate chemical binds

A

Chemically gated channels (ligand-gated channels)

46
Q

The channels that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

47
Q

The channels that open in response to physical deformation of the receptor (sensory receptors for touch and pressure)

A

Mechanically gated channels

48
Q

Ions move along what gradient when they diffuse passively from an area of their higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Concentration gradient

49
Q

Ions move along what gradient when they move toward an area of opposite electrical charge

A

Electrical gradients

50
Q

Together, electrical and concentration gradients constitute… It determines which way ions flow

A

Electrochemical gradient

51
Q

The potential difference in a resting neuron

A

Resting membrane potential

52
Q

It stabilizes the resting membrane potential by maintaining the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium

A

Sodium-potassium pump (Na+ -K+ ATPase)

53
Q

Incoming signals operating over short distances. Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential

A

Graded potentials

54
Q

Long-distance signals of axons

A

Action potentials

55
Q

A decrease in membrane potential (the inside of the membrane becomes less negative than the resting potential)

A

Depolarization

56
Q

An increase in membrane potential (the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential)

A

Hyperpolarization

57
Q

When the receptor of a sensory neuron is excited by some from of energy

A

Receptor potential (generator potential)

58
Q

When the current dies out within a few millimeters of its origin it is said to be…

A

Decremental

BIO153 (8 decks)

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