Ch. 9 - Life-span Development

Question 1

Cross-Sectional

Answer 1

Studies development by observing people of different ages at the same point in time

Question 2

Longitudinal

Answer 2

Studies development by observing the same people at two or more times as they grow older

Question 3

Biographical/Retrospective

Answer 3

Studies development by interviewing people about past experiences

Question 4

Cohort

Answer 4

A group of people born during the same period in historical time

Question 5

Embryo

Answer 5

Developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception

Question 6

Fetus

Answer 6

Developing human between 3 months after conception and birth

Question 7

Teratogens

Answer 7

Toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects; once present in the mother’s blood, they are passed through the amniotic fluid

Question 8

Critical Period

Answer 8

A time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect

Question 9

Mother’s Stress

Answer 9

Can increase the risk of prematurity and low birth weight

Question 10

Rooting Reflex

Answer 10

Baby’s tendency to turn head toward things that touches the cheek

Question 11

Sucking Reflex

Answer 11

Baby’s tendency to suck in anything that enters its mouth

Question 12

Swallowing Reflex

Answer 12

Enables the baby to swallow liquids without choking

Question 13

Temperament

Answer 13

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation

Question 14

The Four Basic Temperaments Visible at Birth

Answer 14

Easy
Difficult
Slow-to-warm-up
Shy

Question 15

Visual Cliff Experiment

Answer 15

Demonstrated that depth perception is well developed by the time a baby learns to crawl

Question 16

Sensory-Motor

Answer 16

(Piaget)
0-2 years
Object permanence
Mental representations

Question 17

Preoperational

Answer 17

(Piaget) 
2-7 years
Representational thought
Fantasy play
Symbolic gestures
Egocentrism

Question 18

Concrete Operational

Answer 18

(Piaget)
7-11 years
Conservation
Complex classification

Question 19

Formal Operational

Answer 19

(Piaget)
Adolescence-adulthood
Abstract and hypothetical thought

Question 20

Preconventional

Answer 20

(Kohlberg)

Base judgements of “right” or “wrong” on whether behavior is rewarded or punished

Question 21

Conventional

Answer 21

(Kohlberg)
Defines right behavior as that which pleases or helps others
Shift to abstract values

Question 22

Postconventional

Answer 22

(Kohlberg)
Emphasis on abstract principles
Become aware of discrepancies between what they judge to be moral and what society has determined to be legal

Question 23

Language

Answer 23

Babbling 5-12 months
Holophrases 12-18 months
Telegraphic 18 months to 2-3 years
By 5, language ability is similar to adults

Question 24

Eight Psychosocial Stages

Answer 24

(Erikson)
Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1 year)
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
Initiative v. Guilt (3-6 years)
Industry v. Inferiority (6-adolescence)
Identity v. Role Confusion (adolescence)
Intimacy v. Isolation (young adulthood)
Generativity v. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
Ego Integrity v. Despair (late life)

Question 25

Gender Identity

Answer 25

Knowledge that they are a boy or girl; developed by age 3

Question 26

Gender Constancy

Answer 26

Gender does not change with age; developed by age 4 or 5

Question 27

Gender Role Awareness

Answer 27

Knows what behavior is appropriate for each gender

Question 28

Formal-Operational Thought

Answer 28

Increased ability to reason abstractly; allows them to debate complex issues

Question 29

Stages of Dying

Answer 29

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance