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Psychology > Ch. 7 - Cognition > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

The process whereby we acquire and use knowledge

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2
Q

Three Building Blocks of Thought

A

Language
Images
Concepts

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3
Q

Phonemes

A

The basic sounds that make up any language

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4
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes

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5
Q

Surface Structure

A

Words and phrases

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6
Q

Deep Structure

A

Underlying meaning

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7
Q

Images

A

Allow us to use concrete forms to represent complex and abstract ideas

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8
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

(Whorf)

Idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks

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9
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

The belief that thought and experience are determined by language

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10
Q

The Distinguishing Features of Language

A

Meaningfulness
Productivity
Displacement

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11
Q

The Mirror Test

A

Test used by Gallup in researching wether animals have a sense of self

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12
Q

Problem Representation

A

The first step in solving a problem; it involves interpreting or defining the problem

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13
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Thinking that meets the criteria of originality, inventiveness, and flexibility

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14
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Thinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem

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15
Q

Algorithm

A

A step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution

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16
Q

Hill Climbing

A

A heuristic, problem-solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal

17
Q

Means-End Analysis

A

A heuristic strategy that aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal at a number of intermediate points

18
Q

Mental Set

A

The tendency to perceive and to approach problems in certain ways

19
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object

20
Q

Compensatory Model

A

A rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria

21
Q

Representativeness

A

A heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model

22
Q

Availability

A

A heuristic by which a judgement or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory

23
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened

24
Q

Multitasking

A

The prefrontal cortex allows us to switch between tasks with relative ease

25
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

(Sternberg)
Analytical
Creative
Practical

26
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

(Gardner)

Many intelligences relatively independent of the others

27
Q

Theory of Emotional Intelligence

A

(Goleman)
Refers to how effectively people understand their own emotions and emotions of others, and can manage their emotional behavior

28
Q

WAIS-IV

A

Most commonly used individual test of Intelligence for adults

29
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of scores that a test yields

30
Q

Validity

A

Ability of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure

31
Q

Content Validity

A

Having an adequate sample of test questions that measure the skills or knowledge they are supposed to measure

32
Q

Criticism of IQ tests

A

Does not take into account cultural variations

33
Q

Intelligence

A

The abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior

34
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

The phenomenon of population-wide increases in Intelligence

35
Q

Torrance Test of Creative Thinking

A

Involves explaining what is happening in a picture, how the scene came about, and what its consequences are likely to be

Psychology (12 decks)

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