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biology > Ch 9 How Species Evolve > Flashcards

Ch 9 How Species Evolve Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles present within a particular population.

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2
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the code to make a protein.

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3
Q

Allele

A

An alternate form of a gene.

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4
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location.

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5
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool.

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6
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus.

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are the result of gene expression and the environment.

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8
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population.

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9
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change to a DNA sequence.

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10
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent that can cause mutations in DNA.

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11
Q

Deleterious

A

Used to describe alleles that have an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed.

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12
Q

Heritability

A

The transmission from parent to offspring (i.e. encoded in genes).

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13
Q

Germline cell

A

A cell involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes.

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14
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell in an organism that is not a germline cell.

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15
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation that alters a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence.

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16
Q

Block mutation

A

A mutation that affects a large chunk of DNA, or an entire gene.

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17
Q

Silent mutation

A

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. Therefore, there is no effect on protein structure.

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18
Q

Missense mutation

A

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon and coding for a different amino acid. Therefore, there can potentially be an effect on protein structure.

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19
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon to a stop codon, prematurely ceasing translation of the gene’s mRNA. Therefore, there is an effect on protein structure.

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20
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

A mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, altering every codon from that point forward.

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21
Q

Degenerate

A

A property of the genetic code which means that a single amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon.

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22
Q

Reading frame

A

The order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into a consecutive, non-overlapping sequence.

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23
Q

Aneuploidy

A

When a cell or organism varies in the usual amount of chromosomes in its genome by the addition or loss of a chromosome.

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24
Q

Polyploidy

A

When an organism contains additional sets of chromosomes in its genome.

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25
Q

Environmental selection pressure

A

A factor in the environment (e.g. limited resources, deforestation, changing temperature, predation) that impacts an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.

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26
Q

Competition

A

Interactions between organisms in which both are negatively impacted when vying for the same limited resources. Can exist within or between species.

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27
Q

Natural selection

A

A mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles.

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28
Q

Fitness

A

A measure of how well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment.

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29
Q

Advantageous phenotype

A

A biochemical, physical, or behavioural trait that increases an organism’s fitness in its local environment.

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30
Q

Selective advantage

A

An organism conferred a beneficial allele, which increases its chance of survival against a specific environmental selection pressure.

31
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool.

32
Q

heritability

A

The transmission from parent to offspring (i.e encoded in genes)

33
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.

34
Q

Disadvantageous allele

A

An allele that encodes for a biochemical, physical, or behavioural trait that lowers an individual’s fitness in its local environment.

35
Q

Evolution

A

The change in the genetic makeup of a population over successive generations.

36
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population.

37
Q

Genetic drift

A

A random event that dramatically alters a population’s gene pool.

38
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

The reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a large proportion of a population is removed due to a chance event.

39
Q

Founder effect

A

The reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a population is derived from a small unrepresentative sample of the original population.

40
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location.

41
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool.

42
Q

Unrepresentative sample

A

A small selection of individuals from a larger group that does not reflect the characteristics of the larger group.

43
Q

Gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles present within a particular population.

44
Q

Inbredding

A

Sexual reproduction between two related individuals.

45
Q

Adaptive potential

A

The ability for a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures.

46
Q

Interbreeding

A

When two individuals living in different populations mate and have offspring.

47
Q

Gene flow

A

The flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration or interbreeding of individuals between two populations.

48
Q

Immigration

A

The movement into a population.

49
Q

Emigration

A

The movement out of a population.

50
Q

Species

A

A group of individuals who are able to breed with each other and produce viable and fertile offspring.

51
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

The geographic separation of a population from a parent population resulting in the formation of a new species.

52
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The divergence of a species from an original species without the presence of a geographical barrier.

53
Q

Viable

A

Able to survive.

54
Q

Fertile

A

The ability to produce offspring.

55
Q

Geographic barrier

A

A physical factor that prevents gene flow, and thereby stops two populations from breeding together.

56
Q

Ecological niche

A

The specific environmental conditions and resources or selection pressures within a particular environment.

57
Q

Selective breeding

A

The changing of a population’s gene pool due to humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait. Also known as artificial selection.

58
Q

Natural selection

A

A mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles.

59
Q

Desirable trait

A

A heritable phenotype that humans select for during selective breeding.

60
Q

Deleterious allele

A

An allele that has an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed.

61
Q

Adaptive potential

A

The ability for a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures.

62
Q

Recessive allele

A

A trait that can be masked by a dominant allele on a homologous chromosome.

63
Q

Homozygous

A

Having identical alleles for the same gene on homologous chromosomes.

64
Q

Antimicrobial agent

A

An agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms. Examples include antiseptics, disinfectants, antifungals, antivirals, and antibacterial agents.

65
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

The ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent.

66
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

The process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact.

67
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change to a DNA sequence.

68
Q

Normal flora

A

Naturally occurring, non-pathogenic microbes present in an organism.

69
Q

Virulence

A

The potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm.

70
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens.

71
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens.

72
Q

Epidemic

A

A dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time.

72
Q

Viral recombination

A

The combination of surface antigens form two or more different strains of a virus to form a completely new virus subtype.

73
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents.

biology (12 decks)

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