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biology > Ch 2 Nucleic Acids & Proteins > Flashcards

Ch 2 Nucleic Acids & Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

protein

A

A biomacromolecule made of amino acid chains folded into a 3D shape.

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2
Q

polypeptide

A

A long chain of amino acids. Proteins can be made of one or many polypeptides.

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3
Q

proteome

A

All the proteins that are expressed by a cell or organism at a given time.

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4
Q

enzyme

A

An organic molecule, typically a protein, that catalyses (speeds up) specific reactions.

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5
Q

peptide hormone

A

A protein signalling molecule that regulates physiology or behaviour.

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6
Q

antibody

A

A protein produced by plasma cells during the adaptive immune response that is specific to an antigen and combats pathogens in a variety of ways. Also known as immunoglobulin.

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7
Q

carboxyl group

A

The functional group on amino acid molecules that contains a hydroxyl group (OH) and an oxygen double- bonded to a carbon atom.

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8
Q

amino group

A

The functional group on amino acid molecules that is made up of one nitrogen and two hydrogens (NH2).

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9
Q

R-group

A

The variable portion of an amino acid molecule. It can be one of twenty variations and determines the identity of the amino acid.

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10
Q

hydrophobic

A

Having a tendency to repel and be insoluble in water.

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11
Q

hydrophilic

A

Having a tendency to be attracted to and dissolve in water.

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12
Q

monomer

A

A molecule that is the smallest building block of a polymer.

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13
Q

polymer

A

A large molecule that is made up of small, repeated monomer subunits.

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14
Q

condensation reaction

A

A reaction where two monomers join to form a larger molecule, producing water as a by-product.

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15
Q

peptide bond

A

The chemical bond linking two amino acids.

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16
Q

primary structure

A

The first level of protein structure, which refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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17
Q

tertiary structure

A

The functional 3D shape of a polypeptide chain.

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18
Q

secondary structure

A

The level of protein structure where the amino acid chain forms either alpha-helices, beta-pleated sheets, or random coils.

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19
Q

quaternary structure

A

The level of protein structure where multiple polypeptide chains bond together, or other non-protein groups are added to form a fully functional protein.

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20
Q

alpha helix

A

An organised coiled secondary structure of proteins.

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21
Q

beta-pleated sheet

A

An organised folded secondary structure of proteins.

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22
Q

random coil

A

An irregular secondary structure of proteins that is neither an alpha helix nor a beta-pleated sheet.

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23
Q

disulphide bond

A

A strong covalent bond occurring between two sulphur atoms.

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24
Q

prosthetic group

A

A non-protein group bound to a protein. For example, a vitamin or ion.

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25
Q

nucleic acid

A

The class of macromolecule that includes DNA and RNA. All nucleic acids are polymers made out of nucleotide monomers.

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26
Q

polymer

A

A large molecule that is made up of small, repeated monomer subunits.

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27
Q

nucleotide

A

The monomer subunit of nucleic acids. Made up of a nitrogen-containing base, a five- carbon sugar molecule (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group,

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28
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A double-stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the instructions for proteins which are required for cell and organism survival.

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29
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

A single- stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. Includes mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

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30
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

A strong covalent bond linking a five-carbon sugar to a phosphate group.

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31
Q

condensation reaction

A

A reaction where two monomers join to form a larger molecule, producing water as a by-product.

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32
Q

sugar-phosphate backbone

A

A strong covalently linked chain of five-carbon sugar molecules and phosphate groups in a nucleic acid chain.

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33
Q

chromosome

A

A structure made of protein and nucleic acids that carries genetic information.

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34
Q

gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the code to make a protein.

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35
Q

genome

A

The complete set of DNA housed within an organism.

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36
Q

antiparallel

A

A characteristic of DNA strands describing how each strand runs in an opposite direction to the other. One strand runs in a 3’–>5’ direction and the other runs in a 5’–>3’ direction.

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37
Q

complementary base pairing

A

Describes which nucleotides can form hydrogen bonds with each other. C pairs with G, A pairs with T (or U in RNA).

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38
Q

double helix

A

The structure of double-stranded DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where each DNA strand wraps around a central axis.

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39
Q

nuclear DNA

A

DNA that is located in the nucleus of a cell.

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40
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA molecules that are produced during transcription and carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

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41
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA that recognises specific codons on the mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.

42
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA that is a key structural component of ribosomes, which assemble proteins.

43
Q

transcription

A

The process whereby a sequence of DNA is used as a template to produce a complementary sequence of mRNA.

44
Q

genetic code

A

The set of rules by which information is encoded in genetic material.

45
Q

translation

A

The process where an mRNA sequence is read to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence to build a polypeptide.

46
Q

triplet

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in DNA coding for one amino acid.

46
Q

codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA coding for one amino acid.

47
Q

start codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that signals the start of translation.

47
Q

stop codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that signals the end of translation.

48
Q

promoter

A

The sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds.

49
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme responsible for constructing a pre-mRNA sequence from a DNA sequence during transcription.

50
Q

TATA box

A

A type of promoter region.

50
Q

enzyme

A

An organic molecule, typically a protein, that catalyses (speeds up) specific reactions.

51
Q

introns

A

Non-coding regions of DNA that do not code for proteins. They are spliced out during RNA processing.

52
Q

exons

A

Regions of DNA that code for proteins and are not spliced out during RNA processing.

53
Q

termination sequence

A

A sequence of DNA that signals the end of transcription.

54
Q

operator

A

A short region of DNA that interacts with repressor proteins to alter the transcription of an operon.

55
Q

gene expression

A

The process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein.

55
Q

repressor protein

A

A protein coded for by a regulatory gene that prevents gene expression by binding to its operator.

56
Q

leader region

A

The segment of DNA or mRNA that immediately precedes the coding region. Also known as the leader segment or leader sequence.

57
Q

gene expression

A

The process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein.

58
Q

precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)

A

The immediate product of transcription of a DNA sequence. Requires modifications before it can undergo translation.

58
Q

transcription

A

The process whereby a sequence of DNA is used as a template to produce a complementary sequence
of mRNA.

59
Q

transcription factor

A

Proteins that bind to the promoter region and control the functioning of RNA polymerase.

60
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme responsible for constructing a pre-mRNA sequence from a DNA sequence during transcription.

61
Q

template strand

A

The strand of DNA transcribed by RNA polymerase to produce a complementary pre-mRNA strand.

62
Q

coding strand

A

The strand of DNA not transcribed by RNA polymerase, contains an identical sequence to the mRNA strand produced (except thymine is replaced with uracil in mRNA).

63
Q

termination sequence

A

A sequence of DNA that signals the end
of transcription.

64
Q

ribosome

A

An organelle made of rRNA and protein that is the site of protein synthesis. Can be free in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

65
Q

5’ methyl-G cap

A

A molecule added to the 5’ end of pre-mRNA during RNA processing.

66
Q

3’ poly-A tail

A

A chain of adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of pre-mRNA during RNA processing.

67
Q

splicing

A

Process where introns are cut out of a pre-mRNA molecule, and exons are joined together.

68
Q

spliceosome

A

The enzyme that removes introns from the pre- mRNA molecule and joins exons together during RNA processing.

69
Q

alternative splicing

A

The process where different exons may be spliced, resulting in a single gene producing multiple different mRNA strands.

70
Q

anticodon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that recognises a specific sequence of three nucleotides (codon) on an mRNA strand.

71
Q

gene regulation

A

The control of gene expression, typically achieved by switching transcription on or off.

72
Q

exocytosis

A

A type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of a cell.

73
Q

gene expression

A

The process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein.

74
Q

structural gene

A

A segment of DNA that doesn’t code for regulatory proteins, but instead codes for proteins that play a role in the structure or function of a cell or organism.

75
Q

repressor protein

A

A protein coded for by a regulatory gene that prevents gene expression by binding to its operator.

75
Q

regulatory gene

A

A segment of DNA responsible for producing proteins that control the expression of other genes.

76
Q

activator protein

A

A protein coded for by a regulatory gene that increases gene expression.

77
Q

promoter

A

The sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds.

78
Q

operator

A

A short region of DNA that interacts with repressor proteins to alter the transcription of an operon.

79
Q

operon

A

A cluster of linked genes that all share a common promoter and operator and are transcribed at the same time.

80
Q

trp operon

A

A series of genes within certain species of bacteria that encode for the production of the amino acid tryptophan.

81
Q

trp operon repression

A

Mechanism for gene regulation within the trp operon whereby repressor proteins stop the initiation of transcription when tryptophan levels are high.

82
Q

attenuator sequence

A

Part of the leader region within the trp operon that allows for attenuation.

82
Q

conformational change

A

A change in the three-dimensional shape of macromolecules such as proteins.

83
Q

trp operon attenuation

A

Mechanism for gene regulation within the trp operon whereby the premature ceasing of translation stops transcription when tryptophan levels are high.

83
Q

leader region

A

The segment of DNA or mRNA that immediately precedes the coding region. Also known as the leader segment or leader sequence.

84
Q

terminator hairpin

A

A loop formed in mRNA in the presence of tryptophan that ceases transcription of the trp operon.

85
Q

antiterminator hairpin

A

A loop formed in mRNA when tryptophan is not present that ensures the transcription of the structural genes in the trp operon.

86
Q

vesicle

A

A small fluid-filled organelle enclosed in a phospholipid membrane that transports substances around the cell.

87
Q

secretory products

A

The substances inside a vesicle that are being transported out of the cell.

87
Q

active transport

A

The movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane requiring an energy input.

87
Q

bulk transport

A

A type of active transport that uses vesicles to move large molecules or groups of molecules into or out of the cell.

88
Q

plasma membrane

A

The phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins which separates the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.

89
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

A membranous organelle shaped like a series of connected, flattened cylinders that folds and transports proteins via its attached ribosomes.

90
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

An organelle made of flattened sacs of membrane involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Also known as the Golgi body or Golgi complex.

91
Q

mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)

A

A double-membrane-bound organelle that is the site of the second and third stages of aerobic cellular respiration.

biology (12 decks)

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