Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Ch 8 Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 8 Immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

natural immunity

A

Protection against a disease formed without medical intervention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

artificial immunity

A

Protection against a disease formed as a result of medical intervention. Also known as induced immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

active immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells formed by a person’s own adaptive immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

passive immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external source.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

natural active immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

artificial active immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system after medical intervention. Also known as artificially acquired active immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

natural passive immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external non-medical source. Also known as naturally acquired passive immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vaccine

A

A medical treatment typically containing antigens designed to stimulate a person’s adaptive immune system to create immunity to a pathogen without actually causing disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary immune response

A

The reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it has not previously been exposed to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external medical source. Also known as artificially acquired passive immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vaccination program

A

A series of vaccinations designed to create long-term immunity to a disease. Also known as a vaccination schedule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

secondary immune response

A

The heightened reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it has previously been exposed to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

booster vaccine

A

A vaccination given to a person later in time after they have completed their initial vaccination program to enhance their existing immunity against a disease. Also known as a booster shot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

antivenom

A

A medical treatment containing antibodies specific to the toxins present in venomous bites or stings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

herd immunity

A

Protection against a disease conferred to non-immune individuals when a high percentage of a population is immune to the same disease. Herd immunity is often achieved through high rates of vaccination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pathogen

A

An agent that causes disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

non-infectious disease

A

An illness not caused by a pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

infectious disease

A

An illness caused by a pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

virulence

A

The potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

contagious disease

A

An illness caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted and spread between different people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

contagious

A

A property of a pathogen or disease meaning that it can be transmitted from one organism to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

emerging disease

A

An infectious disease that is new to the human population, or that is rapidly increasing in incidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

incidence

A

The frequency of a disease in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

re-emerging disease

A

An infectious disease that was previously under control but that is now increasing in incidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

reservoir

A

A population of animals or environment in which a pathogen normally lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

zoonosis

A

An infectious disease that is caused by a pathogen that has transferred from an animal to a human.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

outbreak

A

A sudden and unexpected increase in the occurrence of a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

epidemic

A

A dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

endemic

A

When a disease occurs at a relatively constant baseline level in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

natural active immunity

A

Protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity.

24
Q

pathogen

A

An agent that causes disease.

25
Q

contagious

A

A property of a pathogen or disease meaning that it can be transmitted from one organism to another.

26
Q

virulence

A

The potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm.

27
Q

outbreak

A

A sudden and unexpected increase in the occurrence of a disease.

28
Q

epidemic

A

A dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time.

29
Q

pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents.

30
Q

serology

A

The study of blood serum, typically to determine the presence of antibodies and/or antigens.

31
Q

serum

A

The fluid and solute component of blood that excludes blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors.

32
Q

host

A

An organism that harbours a pathogen.

33
Q

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

An experimental technique used to identify a pathogen by determining the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample.

34
Q

transmission

A

The passing of a pathogen from an infected host to another individual or group.

35
Q

droplet transmission

A

The spread of pathogens through air and contaminated surfaces via respiratory droplets.

35
Q

airborne transmission

A

The spread of pathogens through air via small particles (traditionally <5 μm).

36
Q

respiratory droplets

A

Droplets (traditionally >5 μm) produced by breathing, talking, vomiting, and coughing. They may contain saliva, mucus, and other substances from the respiratory tract, including cells/particles of pathogens.

37
Q

direct physical contact transmission

A

The spread of pathogens through contact between a host and another individual.

38
Q

vertical transmission

A

Spread of pathogens from mother-to-child during gestation, during childbirth, or post-birth due to close physical contact and breastfeeding of a newborn.

39
Q

iatrogenic

A

Describes a disease caused by medical intervention.

40
Q

fomites

A

An inanimate object that, when contaminated with a pathogen, can transmit that pathogen to a new host.

41
Q

indirect physical contact transmission

A

The spread of pathogens via contaminated objects or vectors.

42
Q

vector

A

An organism that is not affected by a disease but spreads it between hosts.

42
Q

antiseptic

A

A substance that is applied to living tissue to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms.

43
Q

faecal-oral transmission

A

The spread of pathogens via oral consumption of contaminated faeces.

44
Q

antibiotic

A

Medications used to kill bacteria or slow their growth.

45
Q

disinfectant

A

A substance that is applied to non-living materials to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms.

46
Q

antiviral

A

Medications used to treat viral infections.

47
Q

fungicide

A

Medications used to treat fungal infections.

48
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

The ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent.

49
Q

immunotherapy

A

Medical interventions that treat disease by modulating the immune system, typically by either amplifying or reducing an immune response.

50
Q

monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

A

Identical laboratory-made antibodies produced by plasma cell clones.

51
Q

chimeric

A

An organism or cell containing genetic material from another organism or cell.

52
Q

cancer

A

A disease caused by the uncontrolled replication of cells with the ability to migrate to other parts of the body.

53
Q

autoimmune disease

A

A disease in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells.

54
Q

B lymphocyte

A

A type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells and B memory cells.

55
Q

myeloma cells

A

Rapidly-dividing cancerous plasma cells which are fused with extracted B cells from mice to produce hybridomas.

56
Q

hybridoma

A

The product of the fusion between a mouse’s extracted plasma cell and a myeloma cell.

57
Q

naked monoclonal antibodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies that do not have any other molecules attached to them.

58
Q

conjugated monoclonal antibodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies with other molecules (e.g. chemotherapy drugs or radioisotopes) attached to them.

59
Q

complement proteins

A

A number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens.

60
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

A pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membrane of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s destruction.

61
Q

apoptosis

A

The controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell death.

62
Q

autoantibodies

A

Antibodies directed against an organism’s own tissues.

63
Q

autoreactive

A

A cell that recognises a self-tissue or self-antigen as non-self.

64
Q

immunosuppression

A

A reduction in the ability of the immune system to generate an immune response.

65
Q

immune deficiency

A

A state in which the immune system is no longer able to protect the body against infection or disease. Also known as immunodeficiency.

biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions