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biology > Ch 7 Dealing with Disease > Flashcards

Ch 7 Dealing with Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogen

A

An agent that causes disease.

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2
Q

antigen

A

Any molecule that may trigger an immune response.

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3
Q

non-self antigen

A

A molecule from outside the body that is recognised by the immune system and initiates an immune response. Also known as a foreign antigen.

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4
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers

A

A group of proteins present on the surface of all self-cells that enables the immune system to distinguish it from non-self material. Also known as MHC proteins, MHC molecules, or self-antigens.

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5
Q

major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC Class I) markers

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells in the body. These mark cells as ‘self’ so that the immune system doesn’t attack them.

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6
Q

major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC Class II) markers

A

Expressed on antigen- presenting cells, which interact with T helper cells in the process of antigen-presentation.

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7
Q

autoimmune disease

A

A disease in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells.

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8
Q

allergen

A

A non-pathogenic antigen that triggers an allergic reaction.

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8
Q

allergic reaction

A

An overreaction of the immune system to a non- pathogenic antigen.

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9
Q

cellular pathogen

A

A pathogen that has a cellular structure and exhibits the processes of a living organism. Examples include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites.

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10
Q

non-cellular pathogen

A

A pathogen that neither has a cellular structure nor exhibits the processes of a living organism. Examples include viruses and prions.

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10
Q

lysis

A

The disintegration or rupturing of a cell.

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11
Q

hyphae

A

Branching filaments of a fungus which help absorb nutrients from the environment.

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12
Q

parasite

A

An organism that lives in or on another organism, usually deriving nutrition from the host organism.

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13
Q

innate immune system

A

A component of the immune system that is composed of generalised and non-specific defences and/or responses to pathogens. Also known as the non-specific immune system.

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13
Q

first line of defence

A

A component of the innate immune system characterised by the presence
of physical, chemical, and microbiological barriers to keep pathogens out of the host organism.

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14
Q

second line of defence

A

A component of the innate immune system characterised by the non- specific response to injury and/or pathogens by a variety of cells and molecules.

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15
Q

non-specific

A

Describes a component of the immune system that responds the same way to all pathogens.

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16
Q

physical barrier

A

A component of the first line of defence that features solid or fluid obstacles that block pathogen entry such as skin or mucus.

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16
Q

chemical barrier

A

A component of the first line of defence that features the use of enzymes, toxins, and acids to protect against pathogen invasion.

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17
Q

cuticle

A

A waxy protective film covering the surface of a plant leaf.

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18
Q

gall

A

An abnormal outgrowth of tissue in plants designed to limit the spread of an invading pathogen.

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19
Q

trichomes

A

Small hairs on the surface of plants used to deter pathogens and/or insects.

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20
Q

stoma (pl. stomata)

A

A small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange.

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21
Q

microbiological barrier

A

A component of the first line of defence in which the presence of normal flora limits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Also known as microbiota barrier.

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21
Q

cilium (pl. cilia)

A

Thin, hair-like projection that protrudes from eukaryotic cells.

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22
Q

flora

A

Naturally occurring, non- pathogenic bacteria present in an organism.

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23
Q

leukocytes

A

A group of blood cells responsible for protecting the body against pathogens and foreign material. Also known as white blood cells.

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24
Q

phagocyte

A

A group of leukocytes responsible for the endocytosis and destruction of pathogens, foreign material, and cell debris.

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25
Q

neutrophil

A

The most common type of leukocyte in the body. Engages in phagocytosis of pathogens and foreign material, as well as the release of cytokines.

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26
Q

macrophage

A

A type of leukocyte found throughout the body that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

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26
Q

dendritic cell

A

A type of leukocyte that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

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26
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

A subgroup of phagocytes that display antigens from consumed pathogens on their surface and interact with the adaptive immune system. Also known as professional antigen-presenting cell.

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27
Q

cytokine

A

A signalling molecule released by cells (typically in the immune system) which aids in communication between immune cells and helps protect against pathogens.

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28
Q

natural killer (NK) cell

A

A type of leukocyte responsible for the recognition and destruction of damaged and/or infected host cells.

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29
Q

mast cell

A

A type of leukocyte responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses.

30
Q

degranulation

A

The release of granule contents from a cell.

31
Q

histamine

A

A molecule released by mast cells that plays a key role in inflammation.

32
Q

inflammatory response

A

A series of biochemical events that occur in the body as a result of infection and/or trauma. Characterised by swelling, redness, pain, and heat in the affected tissue.

33
Q

eosinophil

A

A large granular leukocyte responsible for the release of toxic chemical mediators.

33
Q

interferon

A

A cytokine released by virally infected cells that increases the viral resistance of neighbouring uninfected cells.

34
Q

complement proteins

A

A number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens.

35
Q

complement cascade

A

A complex sequence of events which occurs after the activation of complement proteins.

35
Q

opsonisation

A

The mechanism by which complement proteins attach to the surface of pathogens, making them easier to phagocytose.

35
Q

chemotaxis

A

The attraction of phagocytes towards a pathogen.

36
Q

lysis

A

The disintegration or rupturing of a cell.

37
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

A pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membranes of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s destruction.

38
Q

vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels.

39
Q

third line of defence

A

A subset of the immune system within vertebrates that is composed of the humoral and cell-mediated responses which create a specific immune response and form immunological memory. Also known as the adaptive immune system or specific immune response.

39
Q

immunological memory

A

The ability of the immune system to quickly and aggressively combat a previously encountered pathogen due to the presence of T and B memory cells.

40
Q

T lymphocyte

A

A type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in cell-mediated immunity. It differentiates into cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and T helper cells.

41
Q

T helper cell (Th)

A

A type of differentiated T lymphocyte that supports the functioning of a number of different immune cells, including the cloning and differentiation of selected T and B cells.

42
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

A subgroup of phagocytes that display the antigens from consumed pathogens on their surface and interact with the adaptive immune system.

43
Q

lymphatic system

A

A large network of vessels and tissues throughout the body that form an important component of both the circulatory and immune systems.

44
Q

lymph node

A

A small secondary lymphoid tissue of the lymphatic system where antigen-presenting cells activate the adaptive immune system.

45
Q

humoral immunity

A

An adaptive immune response in which extracellular pathogens are targeted by specific antibodies produced by plasma cells. Also known as B cell immunity.

46
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

An adaptive immune response in which infected or abnormal cells are destroyed by cytotoxic T cells. Also known as T cell immunity.

47
Q

B lymphocyte

A

A type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells and B memory cells.

48
Q

antibody

A

A protein produced by plasma cells during the adaptive immune response that is specific to an antigen and combats pathogens in a variety of ways. Also known as immunoglobulin.

49
Q

cytokine

A

A signalling molecule released by cells (typically in the immune system) which aids in communication between immune cells and helps protect against pathogens.

49
Q

clonal expansion

A

The process in which many copies of a lymphocyte are generated.

50
Q

clonal selection

A

The process in which B and T cells encounter an antigen that matches their antigen- binding site, and then generate many copies of themselves. Also known as clonal selection theory.

50
Q

differentiation

A

The process in which cells develop specialised characteristics, typically transforming them from one cell type to another more specialised cell type.

51
Q

B memory cell

A

A differentiated B lymphocyte that is responsible for providing long-lasting immunological memory of
an antigen.

52
Q

effector cell

A

A cell that responds to a signal and produces a response.

52
Q

plasma cell

A

A differentiated B lymphocyte that is responsible for the generation and secretion of antibodies during the humoral response.

53
Q

disulphide bond

A

A strong covalent bond occurring between two sulphur atoms.

54
Q

agglutination

A

The clumping of particles together. In the immune system, antibodies can help clump pathogens together.

54
Q

antigen-antibody complex

A

A structure formed by the complementary binding between antigen and antibody molecules.

54
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

A pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membranes of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s death.

55
Q

Rhesus antigen

A

An antigen on the surface of red blood cells that can cause an immune response if not matched correctly between donor and receiver.

56
Q

cytotoxic T cell (Tc)

A

A differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for the destruction of infected or abnormal cells.

56
Q

T memory cell

A

A differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for providing long-lasting immunological memory.

57
Q

apoptosis

A

The controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell death.

57
Q

circulatory system

A

A collection of tissues and organs involved in the transportation of substances around the body. Composed of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.

58
Q

lymphatic system

A

A large network of vessels and tissues throughout the body that form an important component of both the circulatory and immune systems.

59
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

A subgroup of phagocytes that display the antigens from consumed pathogens on their surface and interact with the adaptive immune system.

60
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue

A

Components of the lymphatic system that are responsible
for the maintenance of mature lymphocytes and the activation of the adaptive immune response. Includes lymph nodes and the spleen.

61
Q

primary lymphoid tissue

A

Components of the lymphatic system that are responsible for the production and maturation of lymphocytes. Includes bone marrow and the thymus.

61
Q

lymph

A

A pale fluid that flows through the lymphatic system and has a high concentration of leukocytes.

62
Q

bone marrow

A

Semi-solid tissue found within bones. Serves as the primary site of the creation of red blood cells and leukocytes.

62
Q

thymus

A

A primary lymphoid organ located in the chest. Serves as the site of T cell maturation.

62
Q

lymph node

A

A small secondary lymphoid tissue found throughout the body where antigen-presenting cells activate the adaptive immune system.

63
Q

tonsils

A

The name given to the two lymph nodes that reside at the back of the throat.

64
Q

spleen

A

An organ located in the upper abdomen that serves a variety of functions in the immune system and the regulation of red blood cells.

65
Q

clonal selection

A

The process in which B and T cells encounter an antigen that matches their antigen-binding site, and then generate many copies of themselves.

66
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

The smallest form of lymphatic vessel. Located in the spaces between cells.

67
Q

afferent lymphatic vessel

A

Thin-walled structures that collect lymph from the tissues of the body and deliver it to lymph nodes.

68
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Thin-walled structures that collect lymph that has drained through lymph nodes, returning it back to circulation.

biology (12 decks)

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