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biology > Ch 5 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch 5 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photoautotroph

A

An organism capable of undertaking photosynthesis.

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2
Q

photosynthesis

A

The process of capturing light energy to power the production of glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

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3
Q

mesophyll cell

A

A plant cell type found in leaves that contain large amounts of chloroplasts.

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4
Q

chloroplast

A

A membrane-bound organelle only found in plant and photoautotroph cells that is the site of photosynthesis.

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4
Q

chlorophyll

A

A chemical found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It is responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis.

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5
Q

stoma (pl. stomata)

A

A small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange.

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5
Q

xylem

A

Vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

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6
Q

light-dependent stage

A

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy splits water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen inside the thylakoid membranes. Also known as the light-dependent reactions.

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7
Q

thylakoid

A

A flattened sac-like structure housed inside the chloroplast. Each thylakoid is made up of a chlorophyll-containing membrane enclosing a lumen. Thylakoids are the location of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

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8
Q

granum (pl. grana)

A

A stack of thylakoids.

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9
Q

NADPH

A

A coenzyme that is a proton (H+) and electron carrier in photosynthesis.

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10
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule that, when broken down, provides energy for cellular processes.

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11
Q

photolysis

A

The process in which molecules are broken down by the action of light.

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12
Q

light-independent stage

A

The second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is used to form glucose in the stroma of a chloroplast. Also known as the Calvin cycle, the dark stage, or the light-independent reactions.

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13
Q

stroma

A

The fluid substance that makes up the interior of chloroplasts. It is the site of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

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14
Q

light-dependent stage

A

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy splits water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen inside the thylakoid membranes. Also known as the
light-dependent reactions.

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15
Q

light-independent stage

A

The second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is used to form glucose in the stroma of a chloroplast. Also known as the Calvin cycle, the dark stage, or the light-independent reactions.

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16
Q

enzyme

A

An organic molecule, typically a protein, that catalyses (speeds up) specific reactions.

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17
Q

Rubisco

A

A pivotal enzyme involved in initial carbon fixation during the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

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18
Q

carbon fixation

A

The process in living organisms where inorganic carbon, typically within carbon dioxide, is converted into organic compounds such as glucose. Carbon fixation is a central part of the light-independent stage
of photosynthesis.

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19
Q

inorganic

A

A compound that does not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond, e.g. carbon dioxide.

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20
Q

organic

A

A compound containing a carbon-hydrogen bond, e.g. glucose 6 ATP.

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21
Q

substrate

A

The reactant of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme.

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22
Q

photorespiration

A

A wasteful process in plants initiated by Rubisco that limits photosynthesis.

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23
Q

stoma (pl. stomata)

A

A small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange.

24
Q

affinity

A

The tendency of a molecule/atom to bind or react with another molecule/atom.

25
Q

C3 plants

A

Plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photorespiration.

26
Q

mesophyll cell

A

A plant cell type found in leaves that contain large amounts of chloroplasts.

27
Q

C4 plants

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space.

28
Q

bundle-sheath cell

A

A plant cell type that is the site of most of the Calvin cycle in C4 plants.

29
Q

CAM plants

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over time.

30
Q

plateau

A

To reach a state where no further change occurs.

31
Q

enzyme

A

An organic molecule, typically a protein, that catalyses (speeds up) specific reactions.

32
Q

saturation point

A

The point at which a substance (e.g. an enzyme) cannot receive more of another substance (e.g. a substrate).

33
Q

limiting factor

A

A factor that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing.

34
Q

limiting reagent

A

A reactant that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing.

35
Q

C3 plants

A

Plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photorespiration.

36
Q

C4 plants

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space.

37
Q

CAM plants

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over time.

38
Q

optimal

A

The point at which for a given condition (e.g. temperature), the maximum function of an enzyme occurs. Also known as optimum.

39
Q

denature

A

The disruption of a molecule’s structure by an external factor such as heat.

40
Q

stoma (pl. stomata)

A

A small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange.

40
Q

photorespiration

A

A wasteful process in plants initiated by Rubisco that limits photosynthesis.

41
Q

Rubisco

A

A pivotal enzyme involved in initial carbon fixation during the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

42
Q

affinity

A

The tendency of a molecule/atom to bind or react with another molecule/atom.

43
Q

enzyme inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to and prevents an enzyme from functioning.

43
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that hinders an enzyme by blocking the active site and preventing the substrate from binding.

44
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that hinders an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site and changing the shape of the active site to prevent the substrate from binding.

44
Q

allosteric site

A

A region on an enzyme that is not the active site.

45
Q

reversible inhibition

A

Enzyme inhibition that involves weaker bonds that can be overcome.

46
Q

irreversible inhibition

A

Enzyme inhibition that involves stronger bonds that cannot be broken.

47
Q

CRISPR

A

Short, clustered repeats of DNA found in prokaryotes which protects them against viral invasion.

48
Q

CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)

A

An endonuclease that creates a blunt end cut at a site specified by guide RNA (gRNA).

48
Q

genetic modification

A

The manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology.

49
Q

genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

An organism with genetic material that has been altered using genetic engineering technology.

50
Q

Rubisco

A

A pivotal enzyme involved in initial carbon fixation during the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

51
Q

photorespiration

A

A wasteful process in plants initiated by Rubisco that limits photosynthesis.

52
Q

C3 plants

A

Plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photorespiration.

52
Q

C4 plant

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space.

53
Q

CAM plant

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over time.

53
Q

arable land

A

Land that is suitable for growing crops.

53
Q

yield

A

The amount of agricultural product harvested per area of land.

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