Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organ Histo > Ch. 9: Digestive system > Flashcards

Ch. 9: Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system

A
  1. nutrient break down
  2. absorption
  3. elimination of wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the largest salivary gland but produces ~30% of total salivary output

A

parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what gland is most affected by mumps and has the facial nerve passing thru it

A

parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

as one ages this gland commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose

A

parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the parotid gland is 100% ________ producing

A

serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this gland produces salicary amylase (alpha amylase) which starts the digestion of carbs, produces lysozyme and produces IgA

A

parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

this gland is smaller but produces ~60% of total salivary output and is possibly infiltrated by fat by midlife

A

submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this is a mixed gland producing mucus and serous products; ~80-90% serous

A

submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

this is the smallest gland which produces ~5% of total salivary output

A

sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

this is a mixed gland producing mucus and serous products; ~80% mucus producing

A

sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

this gland has no separate serous acini; all serous products come from serous demilunes

A

sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

saliva secretion is stimulated by what impulses

A

autonomic efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

__________ impulses will increase the amount of watery secretion

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__________ impulses will result in a decreased amount of saliva with a thicker consistency which results in a dryer oral cavity

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the function of this is to transfer bolus to the stomach from the oropharynx

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the surface epi of the mucosa of the esophagus is what

A

stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the mucosa of the esophagus contains _________ cells

A

Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

langerhans cells in the esophagus contain ________ ________ cells, are mildly phagocytic and perhaps function in food allergies

A

antigen presenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the lamina propria of the esophagus is composed of what

A

loose areolar ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the lamina propria of the esophagus can have _________ __________ glands which function to produce mucus

A

esophageal cardiac glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the two regions in the esophagus where you can find esophageal cardiac glands

A

near pharynx (sometimes) and near the stomach (primarily found)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus is a discontinuous layer of _________ muscle

A

longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus is thinner _________ (by pharynx) and thicker _________ (by stomach

A

distally; proximally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the submucosa of the esophagus is composed of what

A

dense fibroelastic ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of glands are found in the submucosa of the esophagus

A

esophageal proper glands (aka esophageal glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the function of esophageal glands

A

produce mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the muscularis externa of the esophagus exhibits what arrangement

A

normal pattern of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the upper 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is what

A

all skeletal ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the middle 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is what

A

mixture of skeletal and smooth ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the lower 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is what

A

all smooth ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the esophagus has adventitia or serosa?

A

primarily adventitia except the last inch or two (point it passes the diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the esophagus has two physiological sphincters, what are they

A
  1. pharyngoesophageal sphincter

2. gastroesophageal sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter found

A

between the oropharynx and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is the gastroesophageal sphincter found

A

between the esophagus and stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What has these four complimentary forces?

  1. diaphragm contraction
  2. greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric pressure being exerted upon the abdominal part of the esophagus
  3. peristalsis
  4. maintenance of correct anatomical arrangements of structures
A

lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the two characteristics of physiological sphincters

A
  1. no thickening of circular muscle in ME

2. pressure gradient aids movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

storage and some nutrient breakdown (mostly chemical) are functions of what

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the lesser curvature of the stomach is what

A

concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the greater curvature of the stomach is what

A

convex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the narrow region by gastroesophageal sphincter is what

A

cardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the domed region often filled with gas is what

A

fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the largest portion of the stomach is called what

A

body (corpus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the constricted portion by the pyloric sphincter is what

A

pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the longitudinal folds which allow for distention is what

A

rugae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the tiny depressions in the stomachs surface are what

A

gastric pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how many glands does one gastric pit lead to?

A

two or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the surface epithelium of the stomach is what

A

simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

these cells of the stomach are found in the mucosa, produce thick visible mucus and release bicarbonate into the mucus

A

surface mucus cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the lamina propria in the stomach is composed of what

A

loose, vascular ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the muscularis mucosa in the stomach is composed of what

A

smooth ms layer often arranged in three layers:

  1. inner circular
  2. outer longitudinal
  3. outermost circular (sometimes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

T/F the submucosa of the stomach is highly vascular

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

this is the location of AVA (arteriovenous anastomosis) in the stomach

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the function of the arteriovenous anastomosis

A

to shut down secretion and muscular activity fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

This plexus is found in the submucosa of the stomach. it is next to the inner circular layer of muscle and functions to influence the mucosa

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are the three muscle layers found in the muscularis externa of the stomach

A
  1. innermost oblique (sometimes)
  2. middle circular (well developed)
  3. outer longitudinal (usually thin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

where in the stomach is there a greater chance of seeing all three muscle layers of the muscularis externa

A

between cardiac region and greater curvature; all smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what plexus is found in the muscularis externa of the stomach and functions to influence the muscularis externa. It is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of ms

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

will you find serosa or adventitia in the stomach

A

all serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the three regions of the stomach

A

cardiac, gastric and pyloric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

this is the smallest region of the stomach with shorter pits which lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base

A

cardiac region

62
Q

there are a lot of cells in the cardiac region of the stomach but you will not find what

A

chief cells

63
Q

gastric glands are found in what region of the stomach

A

gastric

64
Q

these extend from the gastric pit to the MM

A

gastric glands

65
Q

what are the three regions of a gastric gland

A

isthmus, neck and base

66
Q

what cells are found in the isthmus of gastric glands

A

surface mucus and DNES cells

67
Q

this type of DNES cell produces samatostatin which inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells

A

Type D

68
Q

this type of DNES cell produces serotonin and substance P which increases peristalsis

A

Type EC

69
Q

this type of DNES cell produces gastrin which stimulates HCL and pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in the body of the stomach

A

Type G

70
Q

what cells are found in the neck of the gastric glands

A

neck mucus cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells and DNES cells

71
Q

what cells are found in the neck of gastric glands and produce a soluble mucus that is thinner and lubricates stomach contents

A

neck mucus cells

72
Q

what cells are found in the neck of gastric glands and they function to replace all cell types

A

regenerative cells

73
Q

what cells are found in the neck of gastric glands and are odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi. they produce HCL and gastric intrinsic factor

A

parietal (oxyntic) cells

74
Q

chronic gastritis can lead to what

A

pernicious anemia (decrease in # of parietal cells–>less gastric intrinsic factor–> decrease B12 absorption–> necessary for maturation of RBC

75
Q

the base of the gastric glands are composed of what cells

A

chief (zymogenic) cells

76
Q

what is the function of chief cells in the base of the gastric glands

A

produce pepsinogen to breakdown proteins and produce gastric lipase to break down fats

77
Q

what region of the stomach has deeper pits; very twisted and branched pyloric glands

A

pyloric region

78
Q

what region of the stomach has some surface mucus, DNES and parietal cells, some neck mucus cells that also produce some lysozyme

A

pyloric region

79
Q

is the pyloric sphincter anatomical or physiological

A

anatomical

80
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter located

A

between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum

81
Q

well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the ME and inner circular layer in ME can be independently controlled are characteristics of what

A

anatomical sphincters

82
Q

what are these the functions of

  1. digestion
  2. absorb nutrients
  3. produce intestinal hormones using DNES cells
A

small intestines

83
Q

what are the three surface adaptations that increase the surface area of the small intestines by a factor of 400 plus

A
  1. plicae circulares (valves of kerckring)
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
84
Q

these are permanent folds affecting the mucosa and submucosa; found throughout the duodenum jejunum and proximal ileum

A

plicae circulares (valves of kerckring)

85
Q

where are microvilli found in the small intestines

A

on the luminal cell surface

86
Q

what is the surface epithelium for the intestinal luminal wall

A

simple columnar

87
Q

what are the cell types found in the surface epi in the intestinal luminal wall

A

surface absorptive cells, goblet cells, DNES cells, regenerative cells and paneth cells

88
Q

what are these the main functions of:

  1. absorb water and nutrients
  2. terminal digestion in glycocalyx; thin layer of glycoproteins and polysaccharides that cover the surface of the cells
A

surface absorptive cells

89
Q

do surface absorptive cells contain microvilli

A

yes

90
Q

these cells are the fewest in the duodenum and most in the ileum

A

goblet cells

91
Q

there are 11 types of this kind of cell in the small intestines

A

DNES

92
Q

this type of DNES cell produces cholecystokinin which stimulates the gallbladder contraction and stimulates pancreas secretion

A

type I

93
Q

this type of DNES cell produces GIP which inhibits HCl

A

Type K

94
Q

this type of DNES cell produces secretin which stimulates pancreas secretion

A

Type S

95
Q

this type of DNES cell produces vasoactive intestinal peptide which increases peristalsis in small and large intestines

A

type VIP

96
Q

where in the intestines are regenerative cells found

A

in crypts

97
Q

where in the intestines are paneth cells found

A

base of crypts

98
Q

what is the function of paneth cells

A

produce lysozyme

99
Q

the lamina propria in the small intestines is composed of what

A

loose areolar ct

100
Q

in the lamina propria of the small intestines what is found in the villus core

A

lacteals, vascular components and some longitudinal smooth muscle

101
Q

what are lacteals

A

lymphatic capillary

102
Q

what is the function of lacteals

A

lipid absorption

103
Q

why is having some longitudinal smooth muscle in the small intestines important

A

if irritated–>muscle contracts–> villi shorten–> nutritional deficiencies

104
Q

what part of the mucosa of small intestines is thin but present; connects to smooth muscle in villi

A

muscularis mucosa

105
Q

what is the submucosa of the small intestines composed of

A

dense fibroelastic ct

106
Q

is the submucosa of the small intestines vascular

A

highly vascular

107
Q

in the submucosa in the duodenum these structures are found; they are seromucus glands

A

Brunners glands

108
Q

what do brunners glands produce

A

alkaline mucus and urogastrone (an epidermal growth hormone)

109
Q

what is produced by brunners glands, increases mitosis of epithelial cells and inhibits HCl acid production in the stomach

A

urogastrone

110
Q

where are peyers patches located

A

ileum

111
Q

what are groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodules found in the ileum called

A

Peyer’s patches

112
Q

the submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus in the ileum undergoes _________ innervation

A

parasympathetic

113
Q

the muscularis externa of the small intestines exhibits what pattern

A

normal pattern

114
Q

to stimulate the ME for peristalsis is the function of what in the ME of the small intestines

A

myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus

115
Q

where is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus located

A

between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the ME

116
Q

where do you find serosa/adventitia in the small intestines

A

serosa: all of jejunum and ileum; first and last cm of duodenum
adventitia: vertical portion of duodenum

117
Q

where is the ileocecal valve found

A

between the ileum and caecum of the colon

118
Q

is the ileocecal valve a physiological or anatomical sphincter

A

both!!

119
Q

what is the blind pouch, on the right, extending from the cecum called

A

appendix

120
Q

what is the surface epi of the appendix

A

simple columnar

121
Q

what cells are found in the mucosa of the appendix

A

surface absorptive cells, goblets, regenerative cells, and DNES cells

122
Q

is there a lamina propria present in the appendix

A

yes

123
Q

is there a muscularis mucosa in the appendix

A

yes but poorly developed

124
Q

does the mucosa of the appendix have crypts

A

yes but short

125
Q

does the mucosa of the appendix have villi

A

nope

126
Q

does the mucosa of the appendix have paneths

A

no/infrequent

127
Q

what is the thick layer with large blood vessels of the appendix

A

submucosa

128
Q

what notable structures are in the submucosa of the appendix

A

numerous lymph nodules

129
Q

what is the muscularis externa of the appendix like

A

normal pattern but thin

130
Q

does the appendix have serosa or adventitia

A

all serosa

131
Q

what are the functions of the appendix

A
  1. humoral immunity

2. source of good bacteria after an intestinal illness

132
Q

these are general functions of what:

  1. absorption of water
  2. compaction, lubrication and elimination of feces (yummy)
  3. also occurring is production of some vitamins from bacteria
A

colon

133
Q

what is the surface epi of the colon

A

simple columnar

134
Q

what is the lamina propria like in the colon

A

typical with crypts

135
Q

what is the muscularis mucosa like in the colon

A

typical

136
Q

the mucosa of the colon lacks what two things

A
  1. villi

2. paneths

137
Q

what is the submucosa like in the colon

A

typical

138
Q

what makes the muscularis externa of the colon different

A

the outer longitudinal ms is gathered into bands called teniae coli and is discoutinuous

139
Q

constant tonus of teniae coli results in sacculations called what

A

hahahaha. .. sacculations

answer: haustra coli

140
Q

does the colon have adventitia or serosa

A

ascending and descending colons: adventitia

transverse and sigmoid colons: serosa

141
Q

what are fat-filled pouches created by the serosa on the colon called

A

appendices epiploicae

142
Q

when you have a damaged mucus coat and/or too much HCl and pepsin produced that can result in what?

A

peptic ulcers

143
Q

what is the causative organism of peptic ulcers? (I thought we were done with micro!!!)

A

Helicobacter pylori

144
Q

if luminal acidity is decreased, damaged tissues can repair in 1-2 months

A

no answer, just an important fact

145
Q

cigarette smoking, alcohol, caffeine, calcium and aspirin can all cause what

A

peptic ulcers

146
Q

stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus is the cause of what

A

gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflux

147
Q

chronic gastritis, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, incopetent lower esophageal sphincter and subluxations are all possible contributing factors of what

A

esophageal reflux

148
Q

keep a food diary of food, spices and drinks consumed along with reflux episodes, limit how much is eaten at one time, and do not eat less than 3 hours before bed are all ways to reduce what

A

reflux

149
Q

what are some problem foods that cause reflux

A

spices, acidic food/beverages, fatty foods, alcohol

150
Q

when the stratified squamous epi is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epi in the lower esophagus is called what

A

Barrett’s esophagus

151
Q

Barrett’s esophagus is __________ due to a chronic problem

A

metaplasia

Organ Histo (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions