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Organ Histo > Ch. 4: Cartilage > Flashcards

Ch. 4: Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage cells do not have capillary networks of their own, nutrition is accomplished by what

A

diffusion

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2
Q

what are the functions of cartilage?

A

support and a template for endochondral bone ossification

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3
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

hyaline cartilage fiber type

A

collagen II

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5
Q

elastic fiber type

A

collagen II and elastic

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6
Q

fibrocartilage fiber type

A

collagen I primary, little cartilage II

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7
Q

does hyaline have a perichondrium

A

yes usually

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8
Q

does elastic have a perichondrium

A

yes

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9
Q

does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium

A

no

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10
Q

what is the matrix of hyaline cartilage made up of

A

ground substance and fibers

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11
Q

what is the ground substance made up of in the matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

aggrecans, hyaluronic acid, other proteoglycans, chondronectin

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12
Q

large molecules composed of proteins (forms core) and sulfated GAG’s

A

aggrecans

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13
Q

how many GAG’s per aggrecan are there

A

100-200

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14
Q

chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and heparin sulfate are all examples of what

A

sulfated GAG’s

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15
Q

the fibers in the matrix of hyaline cartilage are what type

A

primary- collagen II

some- collagen 9, 10, 11

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16
Q

another name for chondrogenic cells

A

chondroprogenitors

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17
Q

appearance of chondrogenic cells

A

very narrow

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18
Q

location of chondrogenic cells

A

chondrogenic perichondrium

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19
Q

chondrogenic cells are usually derived from

A

usually mesenchyme cells (sometimes osteoprogenitors)

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20
Q

chondrogenic cells differentiate into what

A

chondroblasts but sometimes osteoprogenitors

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21
Q

function of chondrogenic cells

A

chondroblast source

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22
Q

do chondrogenic cells undergo mitosis

A

yes

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23
Q

appearance of chondroblast

A

oval

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24
Q

location of chondroblast

A

chondrogenic perichondrium

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25
Q

where are chondroblasts derived from

A

usually chondrogenic cells (sometimes mesenchyme cells for interstitial cartilage growth or fibroblasts for appositional cartilage growth)

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26
Q

what do chondroblasts differentiate into

A

chondrocytes

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27
Q

function of chondroblasts

A

produce all parts of matrix

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28
Q

do chondroblasts undergo mitosis

A

no

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29
Q

can chondroblasts be inactive for long periods of time

A

yes

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30
Q

do chondroblasts like high or low oxygen environments

A

low

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31
Q

appearance of chondrocyte

A

round

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32
Q

location of chondrocyte

A

interior to the perichondrium

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33
Q

where are chondrocytes derived from

A

chondroblasts

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34
Q

chondrocytes differentiate into what

A

nothing, this is the end of the cartilage cell line but they can possibly revert back to chondroblasts

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35
Q

chondrocytes maintain the _________ and prevent _____________

A

matrix; calcification

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36
Q

do chondrocytes produce new matrix sometimes?

A

yes

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37
Q

do chondrocytes undergo mitosis

A

yes

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38
Q

young chondrocytes can divide how many times

A

one or two max

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39
Q

what is the location of the perichondrium

A

peripheral to cartilage

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40
Q

what are the two exceptions of cartilage with no perichondrium

A

epiphyseal growth plates and articular cartilage (at the ends of bones)

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41
Q

what are the two parts of perichondrium

A

fibrous perichondrium and chondrogenic perichondrium

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42
Q

what perichondrium is the outermost layer, collagen I, primary cell type is fibroblast and is the vascular layer

A

fibrous perichondrium

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43
Q

what perichondrium is the innermost layer, thin, has chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts, collagen II, and avascular

A

chondrogenic perichondrium

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44
Q

tissue creation or the development of cartilage in the fetus is termed what

A

histogenesis aka chondrogenesis

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45
Q

interstitial cartilage growth begins with a grouping of rounded _________ cells that can be called a chondrogenic _________

A

mesenchymal; nodule

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46
Q

chondrification within the chondrogenic nodule involves what

A

mesenchyme cells differentiating into chondroblasts

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47
Q

transcription factor SOX-9 and the forces exerted in the area are factors affecting what

A

mesenchyme cells differentiating into chondroblasts during chondrification

48
Q

chondroblasts will secrete what

A

matrix components

49
Q

matrix concentrates sets up and does what to chondroblasts

A

differentiates them in to chondrocytes

50
Q

chondrocytes will likely do two things: 1. secrete more matrix to turn into _______ ________ or 2. divide into _______ __________

A

territorial matrix; isogenic groups

51
Q

what is the stopping point of cartilage development

A

chondrogenic perichondrium

52
Q

fibrous perichondrium develops from what

A

surrounding vascular mesenchyme tissue

53
Q

interstitial growth (a modified version) occurs in what two locations

A

articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates

54
Q

the surface layer of articular cartilage is primarily densely packed with what

A

collagen II

55
Q

in the articular cartilage, these cells are arranged in columns, may occasionally divide, and secrete some matrix for maintenance

A

chondrocytes

56
Q

this is deep by bone and functions to seal cartilage from bone

A

thin crystalline mineral plate

57
Q

the outer layer of the joint capsule is composed of what

A

fibrous dense ct

58
Q

the outer layer of the joint capsule is continuous with what of adjacent bones

A

periosteum

59
Q

another name for synovial layer

A

synovial membrane

60
Q

this is the inner ct layer covering non-articular surfaces. It contains rich blood, lymphatic and nerve supply. It regenerates rapidly if damaged and is not considered an epithelial lining

A

synovial layer or synovial membrane

61
Q

the synovial layer/membrane has two cell types which are what

A

type A synovocytes and type B synovocytes

62
Q

type A synovocytes are ___________ and their function is to remove debris from joint space by phagocytosis

A

macrophages

63
Q

type B synovocytes resemble ___________ and they secrete synovial fluid

A

fibroblasts

64
Q

this has high concentrations of hyaluronan and lubricin

A

synovial fluid

65
Q

_________ functions to supply nutrients and oxygen to chondrocytes while __________ functions in joint lubrication

A

type A synovial fluid; type B synovial fluid

66
Q

what are the three types of synovial membranes

A

fibrous synovium, areolar synovium, and adipose synovium

67
Q

this is a loose areolar ct with type A and B cells; extends into joint cavity as synovial folds and vili; occurs where there is movement

A

areolar synovium

68
Q

this is dense irregular ct; covering tendons and ligaments

A

fibrous synovium

69
Q

this covers intra-articular fat pads; type B cells here

A

adipose synovium

70
Q

this occurs much slower than interstitial cartilage growth and is more common

A

appositional cartilage growth

71
Q

appositional cartilage growth is a process that originates within where

A

within the perichondrium

72
Q

during appositional cartilage growth what becomes active

A

chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts

73
Q

during appositional cartilage growth new chondroblasts also develop from ________

A

fibroblasts in the fibrous perichondrium

74
Q

during appositional cartilage growth new chondrogenic perichondrium develops from what

A

the previous fibrous perichondrium

75
Q

during appositional cartilage growth new fibrous perichondrium develops from what

A

surrounding ct

76
Q

what are the functions of appositional cartilage growth

A

enlarge existing cartilage and healing

77
Q

what cartilage type has elastic fibers, larger chondrocytes, more chondrocytes, and less matrix

A

elastic cartilage

78
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

to provide more flexibility

79
Q

besides the few differences elastic is otherwise like ________ cartilage in basic structure and function

A

hyaline

80
Q

the major structural features of ____________ are chondrocytes; fibrocytes and fibroblasts; collagen I and some hyaline matrix which has collagen II; no perichondrium; avascular (except in the knee menesci)

A

fibrocartilage

81
Q

what are the two important functions of fibrocartilage

A
  1. provides strength; resist stretch/tensile forces (more collagen I)
  2. shock absorption; resists compressive forces (more hyaline matrix)
82
Q

no appositional healing because of no perichondrium which leads to 100% scar tissue are limitations of what

A

fibrocartilage

83
Q

in the development of fibrocartilage initially, tissue is more like ______ __________ ct with fibroblasts and fibrocytes

A

dense regular

84
Q

in the development of fibrocartilage to resist compression and force the fibroblasts produce what

A

proteoglycans and GAG’s

85
Q

in the development of fibrocartilage fibroblasts will change into ____________ due to the pressure from accumulating molecules

A

chondrocytes

86
Q

in the development of fibrocartilage if there are more compressive forces then there will me more what

A

hyaline matrix

87
Q

in the development of fibrocartilage if there is more shearing/pulling forces then there will be more what

A

collagen I produced by the fibroblasts

88
Q

in the development of fibrocartilage some fibroblast remain which will mature into what

A

fibrocytes

89
Q

fibrocartilage is the combination of what

A

dense regular ct and hyaline cartilage

90
Q

as the age of cartilage increases the number of chondrocytes ________

A

decreases

91
Q

as cartilage age increases the matrix amount ________

A

decreases

92
Q

as cartilage age increases the calcification ________

A

increases (this is not an issue for elastic cartilage because of decreased number of chondrocytes) ; typically only observed with hyaline cartilage

93
Q

the effects of hormones and vitamins is greatest during/on what three things

A
  1. original development of cartilage
  2. ossification
  3. epiphyseal growth plates
94
Q

healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage is better or worse in children compared to adults

A

much better

95
Q

true/false the healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage is very limited

A

true

96
Q

during the healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage inflammation will lead to what

A

scar tissue formation

97
Q

what is another name for osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Degenerative Joint Disease

98
Q

osteoarthritis is pathological if it occurs when

A

before the age of 65 or if it occurs too severely

99
Q

what are the three types of OA

A
  1. primary OA
  2. traumatic OA
  3. Inherited OA
100
Q

what is the most common type of OA

A

peimary

101
Q

primary OA is _________ related

A

age-related

102
Q

wear and tear and muscle dysfunction are possible causes of what

A

primary OA

103
Q

what type of OA is injury related

A

traumatic OA

104
Q

what type of OA is from a genetic mutation to collagen II fiber that makes them weaker, could show up in the 20’s, early onset, severe and systemic

A

inherited OA

105
Q

what is the OA cycle

A

cartilage decreases–> osteophytes develop–> joint irritation–> inflammation–> lose more cartilage

106
Q

what functions to resist compressive forces; has much HA therefore much water; collagen II; and has no to few cells after 20’s

A

nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral discs

107
Q

what functions to support the nucleus pulposus; composed of collagen I with some hyaline matrix; some fibrocytes and chondrocytes

A

annulus fibrosus= fibrocartilage in the intervertebral discs

108
Q

as age increases there is _______ collagen II and ________ collagen I in the hyaline matrix

A

more; less

109
Q

when discussing age related degenerative changes to the IVD fibrocytes make more ___________ but they are weak

A

proteoglycan

110
Q

when discussing age related degenerative changes to the IVD chondrocytes make more _________ molecules to try to increase strength but they are still weaker

A

aggregant

111
Q

when discussing age related degenerative changes to the IVD the nucleus pulposus is going to have ________ decrease which takes off some stress

A

water

112
Q

what is an adhesive glycoprotein

A

chondronectin

113
Q

what do not form aggregates; bind to other molecules; help to stabilize matrix

A

proteoglycans

114
Q

what has bonds to many aggrecans

A

hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan

115
Q

held between HA and the aggrecans are large amounts of what

A

water

Organ Histo (6 decks)

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