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Organ Histo > Ch. 5: Bone > Flashcards

Ch. 5: Bone Flashcards

1
Q

bone is another type of specialized ct which is _______ and less _______ than cartilage

A

harder; flexible

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2
Q

structural support, serve as levers for muscles/locomotion, protect organs and house bone marrow, and metabolic reserve for minerals are all functions of what

A

bone

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3
Q

the matrix of bone is composed of ______ and _______

A

inorganic and organic matrix

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4
Q

65% of dry weight comes from what

A

inorganic matrix of bone

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5
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals, calcium phosphate, and other minerals compose what

A

inorganic matrix of bone

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6
Q

35% of dry weight comes from what

A

organic matrix of bone

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7
Q

what type of collagen is found in the organic matrix of bone

A

primarily collagen I

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8
Q

collagen I makes up what percentage of organic matrix

A

80-90%

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9
Q

what type of matrix has a highly organized fiber arrangement

A

organic matrix

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10
Q

what type of sulfated GAG’s are found in the matrix of bone

A

primarily chondroitin and keratin sulfates

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11
Q

what type of nonsulfated GAG is found in the matrix of bone

A

hyaluronic acid

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12
Q

hyaluronic acid in bone holds 20-25% of what

A

water

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13
Q

proteins that bind minerals to collagen (binding proteins), enhance mineral deposition onto collagen I, proteins that bind matrix components to cells, and are found in the matrix of bone are called what

A

glycoproteins

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14
Q

there is a higher percentage of organic matrix in who

A

adults vs. young children

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15
Q

as maturity increases matrix uniformity will _________ therefore stability ________

A

increases; increase

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16
Q

what types of cells are found in bone

A

osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell), osteoblast, osteocyte, bone-lining cells, osteoclast

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17
Q

what type of cell appears flat, located in the endosteum and periosteum, usually derived from mesenchyme cells but possibly chondrogenic cells, functions to change into osteoblasts and undergoes mitosis

A

osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell)

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18
Q

what type of cell appears cuboid to columnar, located in the endosteum and periosteum, derived from osteoprogenitor cells, functions to produce osteoids, and does not undergo mitosis

A

osteoblast

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19
Q

what cell produces materials (matrix vesicles) which initiates the calcification of the newly produced bony matrix

A

osteoblasts

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20
Q

osteoblasts respond to ________ directly

A

PTH (parathyroid hormones)

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21
Q

when an osteoblast responds to PTH it produces a factor _______ that causes creation of new osteoclasts

A

OPG

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22
Q

after an osteoblast produces factor OPG it secretes ________ _________ _________

A

osteoclast stimulating factor

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23
Q

after an osteoblast produces osteoclast stimulating factor it produces enzymes to condition bone for the ________

A

osteoclasts

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24
Q

what cell type appears to conform to the lacuna, surrounded by matrix, derived from osteoblasts and functions to maintain the matrix and monitor the matrix and does not undergo mitosis

A

osteocyte

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25
Q

what cell releases factors to influence osteoblast activities

A

osteocyte

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26
Q

what cell releases factors to cause creation of new osteoclasts

A

osteocyte

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27
Q

what cell appears flat, located primarily in the endosteum, usually derived from osteoblasts and possibly osteocytes, function to wait to become a osteoblast again and do not undergo mitosis

A

bone-lining cell

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28
Q

what type of cell is large and multinucleated, located in the endosteum and periosteum, derived from pre-osteoclasts and function to resorb bone

A

osteoclast

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29
Q

the mechanism of bone resorption occurs in the _______________ compartment

A

subosteoclastic compartment

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30
Q

the mechanism of bone resorption dissolves inorganics by using what

A

strong acids (primarily carbonic acid)

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31
Q

by using strong acids to dissolve inorganics during bone resorption pH __________

A

decreases

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32
Q

during bone resorption organics are borken down using what

A

lysosomal enzymes (occurs fast)

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33
Q

during primary hormone regulation of osteoclasts what will increase osteoclast activity by causing osteoblasts to secrete osteoclasts

A

PTH

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34
Q

during primary hormone regulation of osteoclasts what decreases osteoclast activity

A

calcitonin

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35
Q

primary bone is _________ bone or ________

A

immature bone or woven

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36
Q

secondary bone is ________ bone or _________

A

mature bone or lamellar

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37
Q

what type of bone is found in fetal development and bone repair

A

primary bone aka immature bone aka woven

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38
Q

what type of bone has many osteocytes, low minerals and more random collagen I

A

primary bone aka immature bone aka woven

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39
Q

what type of bone has more mineral therefore stronger bone

A

secondary bone aka mature bone aka lamellar

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40
Q

what type of bone has organized collagen I

A

secondary bone aka mature bone aka lamellar

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41
Q

what type of bone is composed of lamellae with no ct spaces/vascular channels

A

compact bone

42
Q

what type of bone has an outer circumferential lamallae or periosteal lamellae

A

compact bone

43
Q

what has newer bone under the periosteum and often many Sharpey’s fibers

A

outer circumferential lamellae aka periosteal lamellae of compact bone

44
Q

compact bone has an inner circumferential lamellae called what

A

endosteal lamellae

45
Q

what lamellae has newer bone next to cancellous bone and marrow cavity

A

inner circumferential lamellae aka endosteal lamellae

46
Q

haversian systems are also known as what

47
Q

what are the small spaces in an osteon called

48
Q

what are the rings of bone made by osteoblasts and found in the osteon called

49
Q

these are small canals containing osteocyte cell processes, and are found in the osteon

A

canaliculi

50
Q

the central (Haversian) canal contains ________ _________ ct which are made up of many cell types, has blood and lymph vessels, sympathetic nerves and found in the endosteum

A

loose areolar

51
Q

what is the potential problem of the loose areolar ct in the central canal

A

inflammation closes the vessels and tissue is harmed

52
Q

what connect adjacent osteons, are a vascular channel, and are found in Haversian Canals

A

Volkmann’s Canals

53
Q

what are irregular arcs of bone in between complete osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

54
Q

what is cancellous bone also called

A

trabecular bone (spongy)

55
Q

in cancellous bone what align with stress, are not random, and are surrounded by irregular ct filled spaces

A

trabeculae

56
Q

what is the osteon structure in cancellous bone aka trabecular bone aka spongy bone

A

usually none

57
Q

where do cells in spongy bone get their nourishment

A

from vessels in the ct

58
Q

the periosteum is composed of what two parts

A

fibrous periosteum and osteogenic periosteum

59
Q

what type of periosteum is mostly collagen I, can include many sharpey’s fibers, many fibroblasts, and has blood vessels and nerves

A

fibrous periosteum

60
Q

what periosteum functions to distribute blood vessels and nerves

A

fibrous periosteum

61
Q

what periosteum functions to provide transition between bone and tendons and ligaments

A

fibrous periosteum

62
Q

what periosteum consists of a single layer of cells (possibly osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts and osteoclasts)

A

osteogenic periosteum

63
Q

what periosteum functions in healing, growth and remodeling

A

osteogenic periosteum

64
Q

what has a single layer of cells that line the internal bone surfaces

65
Q

osteogenic, osteoblast, osteoclast and bone lining cells are all components of what

66
Q

what is located lining endosteal lamellae or cancellous bone

67
Q

what is located lining ct sinusoids

68
Q

what lines the Volkmans and central canal

69
Q

what doesn’t the endosteum line

A

lacunae and canaliculi

70
Q

where does intramembranous ossification occur

A

all of frontal and parietal bones, parts of occibital and temporal bones, most of mandible, all of clavicle and maxilla

71
Q

read about the general processes of the histogenesis of bone starting on page 7. too damn complicated to put into question form

72
Q

bone in metaphysis growing towards epiphysis as cartilage in epiphyseal growth plate continues to develop results in what

A

an increase in LENGTH

73
Q

bone growth in the osteogenic periosteum results in what

A

and increase in WIDTH

74
Q

hormones associated with sexual maturity will _______ cartilage development in the epiphyseal growth plates

75
Q

bone development is controlled by what

A

HGH, thyroid hormones and sex hormones

76
Q

is articular cartilage affected by hormones

77
Q

in young people bone development is ________ than bone resorption

78
Q

in adults (after epiphyseal growth plate closure) bone development is _________ bone resorption

79
Q

what is cancellous bone remodeling influenced by

A

bone marrow cells

80
Q

compact bone remodeling is influenced by what

A

systemic factors from osteogenic periosteum and endosteum

81
Q

what is a fracture

A

damaged tissue, matrix, and much cell death

82
Q

during bone repair what results in a decrease in oxygen and more cell death

A

bleeding, clotting and the shut down of blood vessels to affected area

83
Q

this is the typical process of what?

  1. fracture
  2. bleeding, clotting and the shut down of blood vessels to affected area
  3. granulation tissue develops and osteoprogenitor divide and migrate to area
  4. osteoprogenitors/osteoblasts on the living edges (bony collar) creates an external callus that functions to provide stabilization
  5. osteoprogenitors soon move into granulation tissue below
  6. blood vessels will eventually grow into injured area
  7. bone develops similar to endochondral bone ossificaiton
A

process of bone repair

84
Q

what hormone influences bone growth

A

somatotropin (HGH)

85
Q

somatotropin stimulates what

A

osteoblast and fibroblast formation

86
Q

if there is low somatotropin (HGH) what happens to bone density

87
Q

what is the cause of scurvey

A

vitamin C deficiency

88
Q

what disease affects collagen I reducing bony matrix and bone development and delays healing

89
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children therefore low calcium absorption can cause what

90
Q

when ossification is disrupted therefore deformed bones and fractures are likely is from what

91
Q

prolonged vitamin D deficiency in adults can cause what

A

osteomalacia

92
Q

in osteomalacia newly formed bone does not _______ therefore fractures __________

A

ossify; increase

93
Q

curvature of the spine (kyphosis), severe back pain, and decrease in height are all signs of what

A

osteoporosis

94
Q

what are the primary cells involved in osteoporosis

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

95
Q

what type of osteoporosis effects females only and due to low estrogen levels

A

postmenopausal osteoporosis

96
Q

what type of osteoporosis effects males and females and likely results from lowering HGH levels therefore lower osteoblast numbers

A

age-related osteoporosis

97
Q

what reduces osteoclast lifespan, increases osteoblast lifespan, activates osteoblasts to secrete osteoid, and slows bone remodeling

A

estrogen and osteoporosis

98
Q

it is believed that osteoclasts dig deeper resorption cavities that osteoblasts cannot completely refill during what

A

estrogen and osteoporosis

99
Q

long use of glucocorticoids, antacid use, high protein diet, excessive thyroid hormones, anticonvulsants and other drugs can lead to what

A

osteoporosis

100
Q

what are the three steps to prevent osteoporosis

A
  1. balanced diet
  2. weight bearing exercise
  3. healthy lifestyle

Organ Histo (6 decks)

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