Ch. 6: Tendons and Ligaments

Question 1

what collagen type is primarily present in tendons and ligaments

Answer 1

collagen I fibers

Question 2

what is the primary cell type of tendons and ligaments

Answer 2

fibrocyte (mature fibroblast)

Question 3

how vascular are tendons and ligaments

Answer 3

not very, they have a minimal blood supply

Question 4

what is made up of dense regular ct, mechanically attach muscle to bone or other muscles, and transmits the muscle contraction force

Answer 4

tendons

Question 5

what is made up of primarily collagen, has minimal ground substance, and has primarily fibrocytes

Answer 5

tendons

Question 6

what is the vascularity like in tendons

Answer 6

limited; more at the ends

Question 7

what is the primary cell type of tendons

Answer 7

fibrocyte aka mature fibroblast aka tenocyte aka tendinocyte

Question 8

what is the thin layer of connective tissue around the bundles of collagen I in a tendon, vascular and nerves are present, multiple cell types (true fibroblasts)

Answer 8

endotendineum

Question 9

what is the thing layer of ct around the entire tendon, same as the endotendineum but with a bit more fibers and the major layer of a tendon

Answer 9

epitendineum

Question 10

what is a sheath of fibrous ct investing a fiber bundle of a tendon, and a minor term for a combination of the other two layers called

Answer 10

peritendineum

Question 11

what are the functions of the ct layers in a tendon

Answer 11

provide mechanical connection to muscle ct layers and offers repair potential from the ct sites

Question 12

what are located in the junction of tendons and muscles, composed of collagen fibers and free nerve endings, and function to monitor force of the muscle contraction

Answer 12

golgi tendon organs aka neurotendinous spindles

Question 13

what are bundles of collagen I that extend from tendon into the periosteum and/or bony matrix

Answer 13

Sharpey’s fibers

Question 14

tendons are very _______ but once injured take much time to repair

Answer 14

strong

Question 15

it takes a tendon ~ ________ days to make new collagen I and can take several months to make enough to adequately repair

Answer 15

100

Question 16

_______ adhesions can develop during the healing process of tendons

Answer 16

fibrous adhesions

Question 17

rest, physical therapy, ice for pain, braces and supports, cold lasers, and chiro care are all current treatments for what

Answer 17

repairing tendons

Question 18

what is used to help speed up the healing process of tendons

Answer 18

platelet rich plasma (PRP)

Question 19

ligaments attach _____ to _____

Answer 19

bone to bone

Question 20

what exhibits a weaving pattern of fiber type and arrangement

Answer 20

ligaments

Question 21

the ligamentum flavum, broad ligament of the uterus, vocal chords and suspensory ligament of the eye all have what type of ligament

Answer 21

elastic ligament (primarily elastic fibers with some collagen I and III)

Question 22

what % of a ligament is made up of collagen I

Answer 22

70-80% (less than tendons)

Question 23

what % of a ligament is made up of elastic fibers

Answer 23

1-5% (slightly more than tendons)

Question 24

what % of a ligament is made up of reticular fibers

Answer 24

1-10% (slightly more than tendons)

Question 25

elastic ligaments are primarily _______ fibers with some ___________ and __________ fibers

Answer 25

elastic; collagen I; reticular

Question 26

vascularity in ligaments is _______ than tendons

Answer 26

less

Question 27

what are the associated ct layers of ligaments

Answer 27

none

Question 28

what is the primary cell type of ligaments

Answer 28

mature fibroblasts

Question 29

collagen is _______ in ligaments and _______ in tendons

Answer 29

lower; higher

Question 30

ground substance is _______ in ligaments and _______ in tendons

Answer 30

higher; lower

Question 31

collagen III is _______ in ligaments and _______ in tendons

Answer 31

higher; lower

Question 32

elastic fibers are ______ in ligaments and _______ in tendons

Answer 32

higher; lower

Question 33

blood supply is _______ in ligaments and ________ in tendons

Answer 33

lower: higher

Question 34

ct is _______ in ligaments and _______ in tendons

Answer 34

lower; higher

Question 35

organization of fibers in ligaments is more __________ and in tendons is more _________

Answer 35

random; organized

Question 36

orientation of fibers in ligaments is _________ and in tendons is ________

Answer 36

weaving pattern; long axis orientation

Question 37

is ligament repair in general a severe problem

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

why is ligament repair in general a severe problem

Answer 38

fewer blood vessels and fewer fibroblasts (no ct layers)

Question 39

what can you do for torn ligaments

Answer 39

tape them together, soldering, and drilling into surrounding bone

Question 40

what is inflammation of a tendon called

Answer 40

tendinitis

Question 41

what is the pathology of tendons called

Answer 41

tendinosis

Question 42

when does the tendinosis cycle begin

Answer 42

when the breakdown exceeds repair

Question 43

what is the tendinosis cycle

Answer 43

injury--rest--deconditioning--more injury

Question 44

in an injured tendon or ligament the total amount of collagen _______

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

in an injured tendon or ligament the proteoglycans and GAG's ________

Answer 45

increase

Question 46

in an injured tendon or ligament the type III to type I collagen ratio is abnormally _______

Answer 46

high

Question 47

in an injured tendon or ligament they experience a ___________ fiber structure and arrangement

Answer 47

disorganized

Question 48

in an injured tendon or ligament you can have __________ and collagen fiber ________

Answer 48

microtears; separations

Question 49

in an injured tendon or ligament the tendon looks different, it is _________

Answer 49

thicker

Question 50

in an injured tendon or ligament vascularity __________

Answer 50

increases

Question 51

in an injured tendon or ligament __________ is usually not seen

Answer 51

inflammation

Question 52

in an injured tendon one will have an altered size and shape of __________ in the cells

Answer 52

mitochondria

Question 53

an increase in exercise will _________ collagen fiber numbers, which will therefore ________ strength

Answer 53

increase; increase

Question 54

a decrease in exercise sill __________ collagen fiber numbers, which will therefore _______ strength

Answer 54

decrease; decrease

Question 55

after age _____ there is a more rapid decline of strength of tendons or ligaments

Answer 55

60