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Organ Histo > Ch. 8: Respiratory system > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygen and CO2 exchange are classified under what portion of the resp. system

A

respiratory portion

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2
Q

olfaction, phonation, provide defense, condition air are all classified under what portion of the resp. system?

A

conduction portion

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3
Q

what does the filtration system include?

A

large, medium and small particle filters

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4
Q

what does a large particle filter filter?

A

bugs

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5
Q

what does a medium particle filter filter

A

dust and pollen

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6
Q

what does a small particle filter filter

A

bacteria and virus

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7
Q

what transports air to the respiratory portion

A

conducting portion

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8
Q

what kind of surface epi. is found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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9
Q

what type of glands are found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

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10
Q

the vestibule of the nasal cavity is supported by what

A

hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Nose hairs in the vestibule of the nasal cavity that are large particle filters are called what

A

vibrissae

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12
Q

what regiou is found between the limen nasi and the superior and middle concha

A

respiratory region of the nasal cavity

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13
Q

what are the four functions of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A
  1. warm air
  2. clean air
  3. humidify air
  4. provide defense
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14
Q

what is the surface epi. of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi (respiratory epi)

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15
Q

in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity you will find this. A medium particle filter composed of goblet and ciliated columnar cells

A

mucociliary apparatus

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16
Q

glands in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity are found where

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity what functions in mucus production for mucociliary clearance and to humidify the air

A

seromucus glands

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18
Q

the seromucus glands in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity produce serous products which produce lysozyme for _______, interferons for _______, cytokines to stimulate defensive cells and to _________

A

antibacterial; antiviral; humidify air

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19
Q

what is found in the lamina propria in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity that is composed of many large venules and is typically partially filled

A

cavernous plexus

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20
Q

what are the three functions of the cavernous plexus

A

warm air, humidify air and provide defense

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21
Q

increase blood–> venules enlarge–> increase lamina propria size–>decrease lumen size (stuffy nose) are the functions of __________ which is a defense of the cavernous plexus

A

inflammation

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22
Q

increase blood–> increase oxygen–> stimulates seromucus gland–> which leads to a ________ _________ is an example of the cavernous plexus

A

runny nose

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23
Q

what structure is found in the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones and connect to the nasal cavity through sinal ostia

A

paranasal sinuses

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24
Q

what is the epithelium for paranasal sinuses

A

respiratory epi

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25
Q

thin but has seromucus glands and is quite vascular describes what part of the paranasal sinuses

A

lamina propria

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26
Q

what is the possible problem of the paranasal sinuses

A

small ostia

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27
Q

what are the three subdivisions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx (superior)
  2. oropharynx (middle)
  3. laryngopharynx (inferior)
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28
Q

the mucosa of the nasopharynx is composed of what type of epithelium

A

respiratory

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29
Q

the mucosa of the oropharynx is composed of what type of epi

A

stratified squamous

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30
Q

the mucosa of the laryngopharynx is composed of what type of epi

A

stratified squamous

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31
Q

the lamina propria of the pharynx is composed of what epi

A

losse ct

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32
Q

what tonsils are found in the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal and tubal

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33
Q

what tonsils are found in the oropharynx

A

palatine and lingual

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34
Q

what tonsils are found in the laryngopharynx

A

none

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35
Q

is there a muscularis mucosa in the pharynx

A

no

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36
Q

the name for the submucosa in the pharynx is what

A

pharyngobasilar fascia

37
Q

the muscularis externa of the pharynx is composed of what

A

all skeletal muscle

38
Q

what is so different about the muscularis externa of the pharynx

A

it is mostly skeletal muscle and it has a reversed pattern; inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer

39
Q

the name for the adventitia in the pharynx is what

A

buccopharyngeal fascia

40
Q

the surface epi of the mucosa of the trachea is composed of what

A

resp. epi

41
Q

what cells are found in the surface epi of the mucosa of the trachea

A

30% goblet, 30% ciliated columnar cells, 30% basal, 3% brush cells, 3% serous cells, 3-4% DNES cells

42
Q

what is a possible function of brush cells

A

monitors air

43
Q

secretion of a product into the lumen but serous product is unknown is a function of what

A

serous cells in the mucosa of the trachea

44
Q

the lamina propria of the trachea is composed of what

A

loose ct with seromucus glands that are quite vascular

45
Q

does the trachea have a muscularis mucosa

A

no

46
Q

the submucosa in the trachea contains ________ ________ _______ and blends with LP

A

hyaline cartilage C-ring

47
Q

the muscularis externa of the trachea is called what

A

the individual trachealis muscle

48
Q

does the trachea have serosa or adventitia

A

adventitia

49
Q

the extrapulmonary bronchi are structurally similar to what

A

trachea

50
Q

decreases in amount of cartilage, number or seromucus glands, number of goblet cells and height of epithelium are all structural trends in what compared to the trachea

A

bronchi

51
Q

the bronchi, compared to the trachea, has increases in what

A

smooth muscle and elastic ct

52
Q

what structure is < 1mm, no cartilage, no seromucus glands, complete smooth muscle layer, and has ciliated columnar epi with goblet and clara cells

A

bronchioles

53
Q

clara cells have ______ microvilli

A

short

54
Q

what secrete product to protect epithelium, produce enzymes which degrade toxins and regenerate bronchiolar epithelium

A

secretory cells in surface epi of bronchioles

55
Q

what is the last part of the conducting portion of respiratory system

A

terminal bronchioles

56
Q

what is the structure epi of terminal bronchioles

A

simple columnar with some cilia and claras

57
Q

the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles is made up of what

A

fibroelastic ct

58
Q

what type of muscle is found in terminal bronchioles

A

1-2 layers of smooth ms

59
Q

what is the first region of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles

60
Q

what is the structure epi of respiratory bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal epi with claras and some cilia

61
Q

what is the general function of alveolar ducts

A

gas exchange

62
Q

the structure of alveolar ducts is the same as what

A

alveoli

63
Q

what is the general function of alveolar sacs

A

gas exchange

64
Q

the structure of alveolar sacs is the same as what

A

alveoli

65
Q

what is the general function of alveoli

A

gas exchange

66
Q

what are alveoli, alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts made up of

A

alveolar type I cells, alveolar type II cells, and alveolar macrophages

67
Q

what is 95% of the alveolar surface and has tight junctions

A

alveolar type I

68
Q

what is another name for alveolar type I cell

A

type I pneumocyte

69
Q

what type of cells are alveolar type I

A

squamous cells with zonula occludens between cells

70
Q

what is the general function of alveolar type I cells

A

gas exchange

71
Q

what is another name for alveolar type II cells

A

type II pneumocyte

72
Q

what is 5% of alveolar surface made up of

A

alveolar type II cells, but they are as numerous as type I cells

73
Q

what type of cells are alveolar type II

A

cuboidal

74
Q

what are the general functions of alveolar type II cells?

A

produce pulmonary surfactant, stem cell for type I and II, and produce lysozyme

75
Q

whats another name for alveolar macrophages

A

dust cells

76
Q

where do alveolar macrophages develop from?

A

monocytes

77
Q

what is the general function of alveolar macrophages

A

clean septal walls using phagocytosis

78
Q

what is the region between two alveoli called?

A

interalveolar septum

79
Q

alevolar type I and II, continuous capillaries, basal lamina, and small amounts of connective tissue with lots of elastic fibers are all parts of what

A

interalveolar septum

80
Q

what is the region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and the blood called

A

blood-gas barrier/ blood-air barrier

81
Q

pulmonary surfactant, alveolar type I, fused basal lamina, and endothelial cell of capillary are parts of what

A

blood-air barrier

82
Q

when there is chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract goblet cell numbers will ________ therefore _______ in mucus

A

increase; increase

83
Q

when there is chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract ciliated columnar cell numbers will ______ therefore ______ congestion

A

decrease; more

84
Q

when there is chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract seromucus glands will _______ therefore ______ fluid

A

increase; more

85
Q

when there is chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract if much coughing then may develop patches of _________ _________ instead of respiratory epi

A

stratified squamous

86
Q

artificial surfactants and glucocorticoids are two treatments of what

A

respiratory distress of the newborn= RDS= hyaline membrane disease

87
Q

decrease in elastin so decrease in alveolar elasticity, reduced surface for gas exchange and is irreversible are all conditions of what

A

emphysema

88
Q

inflammation which causes emphysema can be due to what

A

infection, irritants and smoking

89
Q

hepatocytes produce alpha1-AT but cannot release it is a cause of emphysema. what type of cause is this

A

genetic condition

Organ Histo (6 decks)

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