Ch 9 - Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards
1
Q
_____ circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs for gas exchange
A
pulmonary
2
Q
______ circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body’s tissues
A
systemic
3
Q
muscular double pump located in the thoracic cavity
A
heart
4
Q
the thin, membranous sac surrounding the heart
A
pericardium
5
Q
the three layers of the heart wall
A
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
6
Q
outer layer of the heart
A
epicardium
7
Q
thick middle layer of the heart
A
myocardium
8
Q
innermost layer of the heart
A
endocardium
9
Q
four chambers of the heart
A
left and right atria
left and right ventricles
10
Q
the _____ valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle
A
tricuspid
11
Q
the _____ valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle
A
mitral (bicuspid)
12
Q
the ____ _____ valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta
A
aortic semilunar
13
Q
contraction of the ____ ____ forces blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to go to the lungs
A
right ventricle
14
Q
path deoxygenated blood takes from the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygenated:
right ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> _______ _____ –> lungs
A
pulmonary arteries
15
Q
path the recently oxygenated blood takes from the lungs to the aorta:
lungs –> pulmonary veins –> pulmonary trunk –> ___ ___ –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aorta
A
left atrium
16
Q
each heartbeat (or cardiac cycle) includes a _____ & _____ of each chamber
A
contraction, relaxation
17
Q
contraction of the heart
A
systole
18
Q
relaxation of the heart
A
diastole
19
Q
____ develops pressure and forces blood through the circulatory system
A
systole
20
Q
_____ allows the chambers of the heart to fill again
A
diastole
21
Q
_____ _____ is measured by a sphygmomanometer
A
blood pressure
22
Q
___ ___ is the measure of force of blood on the arterial walls and is given as a ratio
A
blood pressure
23
Q
three layers surrounding the lumen of arteries and veins:
A
tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima
24
Q
the outer layer of blood vessels
A
tunica adventitia
25
the middle layer of blood vessels
tunica media
26
the inner layer of blood vessels
tunica intima
27
capillaries only have the tunica ____ layer
intima
28
____ carry blood away from the heart
arteries
29
___ have thick muscular wall that can expand when blood is pumped into them and then contract to maintain flow and pressure during diastole
arteries
30
arteries are ___ than veins and can be found by feeling for a pulse
deeper
31
arteries branch into ____ and then branch into capillaries
arterioles
32
single layer of cells that allows for rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients between tissues and blood across the membrane
capillary
33
in its chemical composition, capillary blood is more similar to _____ blood
arterial
34
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
veins
35
veins have ___ in them at various points along their length that are pushed closed when blood flows back against them
valves
36
3 superficial veins on the anterior surface of the antecubital fossa
cephalic
median
basilic
37
interior pit of the elbow is called the ______ ___
antecubital fossa
38
aortic arch
posterial tibial
radial
ulnar
some major ___ in the body
arteries
39
carotid
axillary
cephalic
femoral
some major ___ of the body
veins
40
a bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in a wall
aneurysm
41
composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, and vitamins
plasma
42
the 3 most significant elements of plasma:
albumin
immunoglobulins
fibrinogen
43
imminoglobulins are also known as
antibodies
44
plasma without its clotting factors
serum
45
___ is formed when blood is collected in a glass or plastic tube and is induced to clot
serum
46
the conversion of fibrogen to ____ forms strands that trap all of the cellular elements, which forms a clot
fibrin
47
blood is composed of plasma and ___ ____
formed elements
48
formed elements comprise ___% of blood volume
45
49
99% of formed elements are ____ ___ cells
red blood
50
red blood cells carry ____ to carry oxygen
hemoglobin
51
iron-containing oxygen transport protein that gives blood the red color
hemoglobin
52
there are ____ RBCs in a microliter of blood
5 million
53
a single red blood cell remains in the peripheral circulation for about ___ days before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen
120
54
the organ that primarily does the job of removing old red blood cells from the bloodstream
liver
55
cells that protect the body against infection
white blood cells
56
at any time, most white blood cells are not in the blood, but are usually in the peripheral tissues and the ____ system
lymphatic
57
5 types of white blood cells
```
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
basophils
lymphocytes
```
58
what is created in bone marrow by megakaryocytes?
platelets
59
every 1 mL of blood contains approximately ____ platelets
200,000
60
each platelet remains in circulation for approximately __-__ days
9-12
61
processes by which blood vessels are repaired after injury
hemostasis
62
4 phases of hemostasis (in order)
vascular phase
platelet phase
coagulation phase
fibrinolysis
63
first phase of hemostasis
vascular phase
64
rupture of a vein or artery causes an immediate ___ ___ at the beginning of hemostasis
vascular spasm
65
contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessel
vascular spasm
66
in the ___ ___ of hemostasis, vessel diameter is decreased, which substantially reduces the blood loss that would otherwise occur
vascular phase
67
which phase of hemostasis has aggregating platelets becoming activated, which releases factors that promote fibrin accumulation in the next phase?
platelet phase
68
the combination of the vascular phase and the platelet phase of hemostasis
primary hemostasis
69
cascade of enzymes and factors that will ultimately result in a blood clot
coagulation
70
Which phase of hemostasis is this?
- initiated by release of tissue factor (extrinsic pathway)
- other plasma coagulation factors contact the materials exposed when the blood vessel is damaged (intrinsic pathway)
coagulation phase
71
the last phase of hemostasis
fibrinolysis
72
FDPs
fibrin degradation products
73
fibrin degradation products are monitored to diagnose DIC (what does the acronym stand for?)
disseminated intravascular coagulation
74
a condition in which blood clots abnormally in the circulatory system
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
75
fibrinolysis is controlled by
plasmin
76
enzyme made from plasminogen by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
plasmin
77
t-PA
tissue plasminogen activator
78
hemophilias
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
thrombocytopenia
thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
These are blood disorders of hemostasis, platelets, and clotting.
Just read this and respond with "okay"
okay
79
anemia
polycythemia
sickle cell disease
thalassemia
These are blood disorders of red blood cells and hemoglobin
Just read this and respond with "okay"
okay
80
bacterial infection
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
leukemia
mononucleosis
These are blood disorders of which type of cell?
white blood cells
81
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
multiple sclerosis (MS)
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
These are disorders of which system?
immune
82
- activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or prothombin time (PT) and clotting factor activity
- fibrin degradation product (FDP)
- D-dimer
- fibrinogen
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Protein C and Protein S
These are lab tests for hemostasis, platelets, and clotting.
Just read this and respond with "okay"
okay
83
reticulocyte count
iron studies
CBC
vitamin B12 and folate levels
These are lab tests for RBC and hemoglobin
Just read this and respond with "okay"
okay
84
```
CBC with differential
T-cell count, CD3, CD4, CD8
bacterial cultures
cell marker studies
anti-HIV antibody
monospot or heterophile antibody
western blood test
```
These are lab tests of white blood cells
Just read this and respond with "okay"
okay
85
```
rheumatoid factor
anticitrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)
antiphospholipid antibodies (APLs)
antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
spinal tap and MRI
immunoglobulin quantitation
```
These are lab tests for disorders of the immune system
Just read this and respond with "okay"
okay
86
system that includes lymphatic vessels (veins, capillaries, and ducts), lymph nodes, and several organs plus the lymph fluid flowing through the vessels
lymphatic system
87
lymphatic vessels are closed at their ___ ends (unlike arteries and veins)
distal
88
distal ends of lymphatic vessels
terminal lymphatics
89
purpose of this system is to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and screens tissue fluid for signs of infection
lymphatic system
90
lymphatic vessels ultimately feed into the ____ __
thoracic duct
91
lymphatic fluid is derived from fluid between cells called _____ __
interstitial fluid
92
chambers located along lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
93
___ ___ are populated by lymphocytes and are especially common in digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
lymph nodes
94
an accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues as a result of a blocked lymphatic vessel
lymphedema
95
________ is a severe form of lymphedema
elephantiasis
96
tumor of a lymph gland
lymphoma
97
Hodgkin's disease is a type of ____
lymphoma
98
defense against infectious agents independent of the specific chemical markers on their surfaces
nonspecific immunity
99
includes physical barriers, the complement system, and phagocytes
nonspecific immunity
100
engulf and destroy foreign cells without regard to their identity
phagocytes
101
recognition of antigens on the surface of a foreign agent
specific immunity
102
recognition of antigens in specific immunity triggers activation of these cells
T cells, B cells
103
cellular immunity is ____-based immunity
T cell
104
antibody-based immunity is ____-based immunity
B cell
105
an attack by the immune system on the body
autoimmunity
106
inappropriately severe immune reaction to an otherwise harmless substance
allergy
107
an inherited disorder marked by an almost total lack of T and B cells
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
108
SCID
severe combined immune deficiency
109
muscle that contracts to push blood through circulatory system
myocardium
110
the sounds you hear from the heart are from:
closing of the heart valves
111
CK-MB, myoglobin, and troponin are all tests used to diagnose __ ____
myocardial infarction (MI)
112
blood cells are formed in the ___ ____
bone marrow
113
cells that attack and digest bacteria and are found in the presence of bacterial infection
neutrophils
114
increase in the total number of RBCs
polycythemia
115
increase in the number of lymphocytes in response to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus
mononucleosis
116
____ __ cells are infected and destroyed in HIV
helper T
117
antigens identified to determine organ transplant compatibility
HLA
