Ch 9 - Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards
_____ circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs for gas exchange
pulmonary
______ circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body’s tissues
systemic
muscular double pump located in the thoracic cavity
heart
the thin, membranous sac surrounding the heart
pericardium
the three layers of the heart wall
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
outer layer of the heart
epicardium
thick middle layer of the heart
myocardium
innermost layer of the heart
endocardium
four chambers of the heart
left and right atria
left and right ventricles
the _____ valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid
the _____ valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle
mitral (bicuspid)
the ____ _____ valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta
aortic semilunar
contraction of the ____ ____ forces blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to go to the lungs
right ventricle
path deoxygenated blood takes from the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygenated:
right ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> _______ _____ –> lungs
pulmonary arteries
path the recently oxygenated blood takes from the lungs to the aorta:
lungs –> pulmonary veins –> pulmonary trunk –> ___ ___ –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aorta
left atrium
each heartbeat (or cardiac cycle) includes a _____ & _____ of each chamber
contraction, relaxation
contraction of the heart
systole
relaxation of the heart
diastole
____ develops pressure and forces blood through the circulatory system
systole
_____ allows the chambers of the heart to fill again
diastole
_____ _____ is measured by a sphygmomanometer
blood pressure
___ ___ is the measure of force of blood on the arterial walls and is given as a ratio
blood pressure
three layers surrounding the lumen of arteries and veins:
tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima
the outer layer of blood vessels
tunica adventitia
the middle layer of blood vessels
tunica media
the inner layer of blood vessels
tunica intima
capillaries only have the tunica ____ layer
intima
____ carry blood away from the heart
arteries
___ have thick muscular wall that can expand when blood is pumped into them and then contract to maintain flow and pressure during diastole
arteries
arteries are ___ than veins and can be found by feeling for a pulse
deeper
arteries branch into ____ and then branch into capillaries
arterioles
single layer of cells that allows for rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients between tissues and blood across the membrane
capillary
in its chemical composition, capillary blood is more similar to _____ blood
arterial
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
veins
veins have ___ in them at various points along their length that are pushed closed when blood flows back against them
valves
3 superficial veins on the anterior surface of the antecubital fossa
cephalic
median
basilic
interior pit of the elbow is called the ______ ___
antecubital fossa
aortic arch
posterial tibial
radial
ulnar
some major ___ in the body
arteries
carotid
axillary
cephalic
femoral
some major ___ of the body
veins
a bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in a wall
aneurysm
composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, and vitamins
plasma
the 3 most significant elements of plasma:
albumin
immunoglobulins
fibrinogen
imminoglobulins are also known as
antibodies
plasma without its clotting factors
serum
___ is formed when blood is collected in a glass or plastic tube and is induced to clot
serum
the conversion of fibrogen to ____ forms strands that trap all of the cellular elements, which forms a clot
fibrin
blood is composed of plasma and ___ ____
formed elements
formed elements comprise ___% of blood volume
45
99% of formed elements are ____ ___ cells
red blood
red blood cells carry ____ to carry oxygen
hemoglobin
iron-containing oxygen transport protein that gives blood the red color
hemoglobin
there are ____ RBCs in a microliter of blood
5 million
a single red blood cell remains in the peripheral circulation for about ___ days before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen
120
the organ that primarily does the job of removing old red blood cells from the bloodstream
liver
cells that protect the body against infection
white blood cells
at any time, most white blood cells are not in the blood, but are usually in the peripheral tissues and the ____ system
lymphatic
5 types of white blood cells
neutrophils eosinophils monocytes basophils lymphocytes
what is created in bone marrow by megakaryocytes?
platelets
every 1 mL of blood contains approximately ____ platelets
200,000
each platelet remains in circulation for approximately __-__ days
9-12
processes by which blood vessels are repaired after injury
hemostasis
4 phases of hemostasis (in order)
vascular phase
platelet phase
coagulation phase
fibrinolysis
first phase of hemostasis
vascular phase
rupture of a vein or artery causes an immediate ___ ___ at the beginning of hemostasis
vascular spasm
contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessel
vascular spasm
in the ___ ___ of hemostasis, vessel diameter is decreased, which substantially reduces the blood loss that would otherwise occur
vascular phase
which phase of hemostasis has aggregating platelets becoming activated, which releases factors that promote fibrin accumulation in the next phase?
platelet phase
the combination of the vascular phase and the platelet phase of hemostasis
primary hemostasis
cascade of enzymes and factors that will ultimately result in a blood clot
coagulation
Which phase of hemostasis is this?
- initiated by release of tissue factor (extrinsic pathway)
- other plasma coagulation factors contact the materials exposed when the blood vessel is damaged (intrinsic pathway)
coagulation phase
the last phase of hemostasis
fibrinolysis
FDPs
fibrin degradation products
fibrin degradation products are monitored to diagnose DIC (what does the acronym stand for?)
disseminated intravascular coagulation
a condition in which blood clots abnormally in the circulatory system
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
fibrinolysis is controlled by
plasmin
enzyme made from plasminogen by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
plasmin
t-PA
tissue plasminogen activator
hemophilias
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
thrombocytopenia
thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
These are blood disorders of hemostasis, platelets, and clotting.
Just read this and respond with “okay”
okay
anemia
polycythemia
sickle cell disease
thalassemia
These are blood disorders of red blood cells and hemoglobin
Just read this and respond with “okay”
okay
bacterial infection
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
leukemia
mononucleosis
These are blood disorders of which type of cell?
white blood cells
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
multiple sclerosis (MS)
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
These are disorders of which system?
immune
- activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or prothombin time (PT) and clotting factor activity
- fibrin degradation product (FDP)
- D-dimer
- fibrinogen
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Protein C and Protein S
These are lab tests for hemostasis, platelets, and clotting.
Just read this and respond with “okay”
okay
reticulocyte count
iron studies
CBC
vitamin B12 and folate levels
These are lab tests for RBC and hemoglobin
Just read this and respond with “okay”
okay
CBC with differential T-cell count, CD3, CD4, CD8 bacterial cultures cell marker studies anti-HIV antibody monospot or heterophile antibody western blood test
These are lab tests of white blood cells
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okay
rheumatoid factor anticitrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antiphospholipid antibodies (APLs) antinuclear antibodies (ANA) spinal tap and MRI immunoglobulin quantitation
These are lab tests for disorders of the immune system
Just read this and respond with “okay”
okay
system that includes lymphatic vessels (veins, capillaries, and ducts), lymph nodes, and several organs plus the lymph fluid flowing through the vessels
lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels are closed at their ___ ends (unlike arteries and veins)
distal
distal ends of lymphatic vessels
terminal lymphatics
purpose of this system is to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and screens tissue fluid for signs of infection
lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels ultimately feed into the ____ __
thoracic duct
lymphatic fluid is derived from fluid between cells called _____ __
interstitial fluid
chambers located along lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
___ ___ are populated by lymphocytes and are especially common in digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
lymph nodes
an accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues as a result of a blocked lymphatic vessel
lymphedema
________ is a severe form of lymphedema
elephantiasis
tumor of a lymph gland
lymphoma
Hodgkin’s disease is a type of ____
lymphoma
defense against infectious agents independent of the specific chemical markers on their surfaces
nonspecific immunity
includes physical barriers, the complement system, and phagocytes
nonspecific immunity
engulf and destroy foreign cells without regard to their identity
phagocytes
recognition of antigens on the surface of a foreign agent
specific immunity
recognition of antigens in specific immunity triggers activation of these cells
T cells, B cells
cellular immunity is ____-based immunity
T cell
antibody-based immunity is ____-based immunity
B cell
an attack by the immune system on the body
autoimmunity
inappropriately severe immune reaction to an otherwise harmless substance
allergy
an inherited disorder marked by an almost total lack of T and B cells
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
SCID
severe combined immune deficiency
muscle that contracts to push blood through circulatory system
myocardium
the sounds you hear from the heart are from:
closing of the heart valves
CK-MB, myoglobin, and troponin are all tests used to diagnose __ ____
myocardial infarction (MI)
blood cells are formed in the ___ ____
bone marrow
cells that attack and digest bacteria and are found in the presence of bacterial infection
neutrophils
increase in the total number of RBCs
polycythemia
increase in the number of lymphocytes in response to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus
mononucleosis
____ __ cells are infected and destroyed in HIV
helper T
antigens identified to determine organ transplant compatibility
HLA
