Ch 8 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
levels of organization
cells tissues organs organ systems body
most basic level of organization
cell
cells of similar types grouped together
tissues
tissues interact to form discrete units of function
organs
different organs interact to carry out common tasks
organ system
integrated organ systems
body
steady state of the body functions
homeostasis
the ____ contains DNA
nucleus
___ are linked to form chromosomes
genes
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
mitochondria supplies energy of the cell in the form of ___
ATP
all cellular material except plasma membrane and nucleus
cytoplasm
encloses the cell and tightly regulates the flow of materials in/out of it
plasma membrane
4 types of tissue
epithelial
muscle
nerve
connective
type of tissue that forms flat sheets & is most often found on surfaces where exchange with the environment takes place or where rapid regeneration must occur to prevent internal structures
epithelial tissue
tissues that move the body
muscle tissue
striated voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton
skeletal muscle
striated involuntary muscle that is found in the heart
cardiac muscle
nonstriated involuntary muscle that lines the blood and lymph vessels within the body just below the epithelial tissue
smooth muscle
tissue type specialized for intercellular communication by the conduction of electrical impulses and release of chemical messages
nerve tissue
neurons contain 3 major portions:
dendrite
cell body (soma)
axon
tissue type with the purpose of binding and supporting the other types of tissue
connective tissue
which type of tissue is characterized by a relative scarcity of cells and relative abundance of ground substance secreted by the cells
connective tissue
in the ____ ____, the body is erect and facing forward
the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointed outward
anatomic position
ventral/anterior
front of the body
dorsal/posterior
back of the body
lateral
toward the side
medial
toward the middle
distal
farthest from point of origin
proximal
closer to point of attachment
inferior
below
superior
above
prone
lying on abdomen face-down
supine
lying on back face up
flexion
movement that bends a joint
extension
movement that straightens a joint
abduction
moves farther from central axis
adduction
moves closer to central axis
a vertical plane dividing the body into left and right
sagittal plane
vertical plane dividing the body into front and back
frontal plane
a horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom
transverse plane
two large body cavities
ventral, dorsal
how many major cavities are there?
8
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
What do these all have in common?
ventral cavities
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
What do these all have in common?
dorsal cavities
contains the heart within the pericardial cavity and lungs within the pleural cavity
thoracic cavity
heart is in the ____ cavity
pericardial
lungs are in the ___ cavity
pleural
contains the stomach, small/large intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidneys
abdominal cavity
contains the bladder, rectum, ovaries, and testes
pelvic cavity
contains the brain
cranial cavity
contains the spinal cord
spinal cavity
functions to support the body, provide movement, protect internal organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells
skeletal system
bones are classified by ____
shape
5 types of bones
long short flat semisolid irregular
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthosis
these are 3 types of ____
joints
disorders affecting the ____ system:
trauma genetic diseases metabolic diseases autoimmune diseases motor neuron infection or degradation
muscular
lab tests for the muscular system include: ___, ___, ___
adolase
creatine kinase
myoglobin
includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
integumentary system
principal functions of this system include protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensation
integumentary system
disorders affecting the ___ system include:
trauma
infection
neoplastic disease
inflammation
integumentary
includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons in the body
nervous system
the two nervous systems
peripheral nervous system, central nervous system
includes the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
PNS
peripheral nervous system
CNS
central nervous system
somatic and autonomic nervous system
motor system
bundles of neurons
tracts
the 3 membranes surrounding the brain
pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater
functions include body communication related to sensations, intellectual processes, and directing organs
nervous system
disorders affecting the ____ system include:
trauma stroke infection neoplastic diseases degeneration autoimmune diseases developmental disorders psychiatric illnesses
nervous
includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, rectum, and anus
digestive system
accessory organs of the digestive system
gallbladder, liver, pancreas
the purpose of ____ is to break down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the intestines
digestion
chyme is passed into ____ _____ to aid in digestion
small intestine
food is attacked by enzymes to aid in digestion here
stomach
___ secretes digestive enzymes
pancreas
most water is reabsorbed here before food material is eliminated from the body
large intestine
this organ produces bile and stores nutrients/carbohydrates
liver
includes the kidneys, bladder, and urethra
urinary system
functions include removing metabolic waste from circulation, maintaining acid-base balance, and regulating body hydration
urinary system
this organ produces hormones that control blood pressure and regulate red blood cell production
kidneys
hormone released by the kidneys that controls blood pressure
renin
capillaries form into tight balls called ____
glomeruli
urine enters the nephron through the ____ ___ and drains into the ureter through the ____
collecting duct
ureter
the entire structure of fluid tubules in the kidneys is called a _____
nephron
includes the nasal passages, throat, trachea, larynx, bronchi, and lungs
respiratory system
the function of this system is to obtain oxygen for use by the body’s cells and to expel the carbon dioxide waste from metabolic processes
respiratory system
this system relies on the circulatory system to transport gases to and from the lungs
respiratory system
expansion of the chest cavity
external respiration
expanding the chest cavity _____ internal pressure and forces air into airways
decreases
____ is accomplished by relaxation of respiratory muscles and contraction of abdominal muscles
exhalation
oxyhemoglobin is carried through the circulatory system to all the body’s tissues
internal respiration
comprises the glands and tissues that produce hormones that are released into the circulatory system
endocrine system
functions with the nervous system to tightly regulate body function to maintain homeostasis
endocrine system
TSH ACTH FSH LH GH MSH ADH prolactin oxytocin
These hormones are released by which gland?
pituitary gland
thyroxine
triiodothryonine
calcitonin
These hormones are released by which gland?
thyroid gland
parathormone
This hormones is released by which gland?
parathyroid gland
thymosin
This hormones is released by which gland?
thymus gland
insulin
glucagon
These hormones are released by which gland?
pancreas
epinephrine norepinephrine glucocorticoids corticosterone aldosterone
These hormones are released by which gland?
adrenal glands
testosterone
estrogen
progesterone
These hormones are released by which gland?
gonads
disorders affecting the _____ system most often involve either hypersecretion or hyposecretion
endocrine
____ is most often caused by a tumor of the glandular tissue or excess administration
hypersecretion
___ may result from genetic disease, autoimmunity, or nutritional deficiency
hyposecretion
the ____ _______ system includes the testes, urethra, prostate, and penis
male reproductive
functions to produce and ejaculate sperm
male reproductive system
the ___ _____ system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and cervix
female reproductive
functions to produce eggs, to allow for fertilization, and to nourish the developing embryo
female reproductive system
disorders of the male reproductive system are treated by an endocrinologist or a ____
urologist
disorders of the female reproductive system are treated by an endocrinologist or an _____/______
obstetrician/gynecologist (OBGYN)
bone is formed by ___
osteoblasts
bones are held together by ____
ligaments
muscles attach to bones via ____
tendons
hematopoiesis occurs in ___
bone
food is forced through the digestive system in a series of wavelike motions as smooth muscles contract
peristalsis
_____ is the master gland of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
pregnancy tests detect _____
HCG
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
