Ch 9 Flashcards
Fragmentation
a large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters in length and individual parts become self-sufficient by establishing adventitious roots; if middle portions of the plant die, the ends become separated and act as individuals
Vegetative Reproduction
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Ramets
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Genets
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Apomixis
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Sperm and eggs
sex cells called gametes
Zygote
one sperm and one egg come together and the diploid cell which is the fertilized cell
Embryo
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Adult sporophyte
a diploid plant that produces spores
Spores
a single cell that is a means of asexual reproduction; it can grow into a new organism but cannot fuse like a gamete
Gametophyte
a haploid plant that produces gametes
Complete Flowers
a flower having sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
Incomplete flower
a flower that is missing one or more of the four basic appendages (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels or any combination)
Pedicel
the stalk of an individual flower
Receptacle
the stem (axis) of a flower, to which all the other are attached
Sepals
in flowers, the outermost of the fundamental appendages, most often providing protection of the flower during its development
Calyx
collective term for all the sepals of one flower
Petals
the appendages, usually colored on a flower, most often involved in attracting pollinators
Corolla
a collective term for all the petals of a single flower
Stamens
the organs of a flower involved in producing microspores (pollen)
Filament
the stalk of a stamen, it elevates the anther
Anther
the portion of a stamen that contains sporogenous tissue which produces microspores (pollen)
Carpel
organ of a flower that contains ovules and is involved in the production of megaspores, seeds and fruits
Ovary
in a flower, the base of the carpel; the region that contains ovules and will develop into a fruit
Style
in the carpel, the tissue that elevates the stigma above the ovary
Stigma
in a carpel of a flower, the receptive tissue to which pollen adheres
Androecium
a collective term referring to all the stamens of one flower
Microsporocytes
in a heterogeneous species, a cell that undergoes meiosis, resulting in the production of four microspores
Pollen
in seed plants, the microspores and microgametophytes
Gynoecium
a collective term referring to all the carpels of a flower
Placenta
tissue in the ovary of a carpel to which the ovules are attached
Ovule
the structure in a carpel that contains megasporangium and will develop into a seed
Nucellus
the megasporangium of an ovule
Nucellus
the megasporangium of an ovule; central mass of parenchyma
Integuments
in flowers, the covering layer over the nucellus of an ovule; usually an inner and outer integument is present; two thin sheets of cells that cover almost the entire nucellus surface
Microgametophyte
a gametophyte that produces microgametes (sperms) only
Vegetative cell
large cell; in the pollen grain of seed plants, the cell or cells that do not give rise to the sperm cells; the cell that is not the generative cell
Generative cell
small lens-shaped; in the pollen grains of seed plants, the cell that gives rise directly to the sperm cells
Pollen tube
after landing on a compatible stigma or gymnosperm megasporophyll, a pollen gran germinates with a tubelike process that carries the sperm cells to the vicinity of the egg cell
Megagametophyte
a gametophyte that produces megagametes (eggs) only
Embryo sac
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Embryo sac
a common synonym for the megagametophyte of flowering plants; eggs
Central cell with polar nuclei
in the megagametophyte in a flower’s ovule, the cell that contains two nuclei (usually) and develops into endosperm after fertilization
Antipodals
one of several (usually three) cells in the angiosperm megagametophyte, located opposite the egg cell and the synergids
Egg with synergids
in the egg apparatus of an angiosperm megagametophyte, there is one egg and one or two adjacent cells, synergids; the pollen tube enters one of the synergids
Double Fertilization
the process unique to angiosperms in which one sperm fertilizes the egg (forming the zygote) and the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei (forming the primary endosperm nucleus)
Endosperm
the tissue, usually polyploid, which is formed during double fertilization only in angiosperms and which nourished the developing embryo and seedling
Cotyledons
in embryos of seed plants, the rather leaflike structures involved in either nutrient storage (most dicots and gymnosperms) or nutrient transfer from the endosperm (most monocots)
Radicle
main root of a seed; it is the direct continuation of the embryonic stem
Epicotyl
in the embryo of a seed, the embryonic shoot, located above the cotyledons
Hypocotyl
the portion of an embryo axis located between the cotyledons and the radicle
Seed coat
the protective layer on a seed; the seed coat develops from one or both integuments
Exocarp
outermost layer of the fruit wall; in fleshy fruits, the rind or peel
Mesocarp
the middle layer of the fruit wall
Endocarp
the innermost layer of the fruit wall, the pericarp
Cross pollination
the pollination of a flower by pollen from a completely different plant
Self pollination
the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant
Dichogamy
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Self incompatibility
chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth; incompatibility genes
Monoecy
the condition in which a species has imperfect flowers (some staminate, others capellate) but both are located on the same sporophyte
Dioecy
the condition in which a species has two types of sporophyte - one with stamens and one with carpels
Coevolution
two species become increasingly adapted to each other, resulting in a highly specific interaction
Pollination Syndromes
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Determinate Inflorescence
has a limited potential for growth because the inflorescence apex is converted to a flower, ending its possibilities for continued growth
Indeterminate Inflorescence
the lowest or outermost flowers open first and even while these flowers are open, new flowers are still being initiated at the apex
Coryumb
a flower cluster whose lower stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head
Cyme
a flower cluster with a central stem bearing a single terminal flower that develops first, the other flowers in the cluster developing as terminal buds of lateral stems
Head
anything from a small cluster to hundreds or sometimes thousands of flowers are grouped together to form a single flower-like structure
Panicle
a loose, branching cluster of flowers, as in oats
Raceme
a flower cluster with the separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central stem. The flowers at the base of the central stem develop first
Spike
stalked flowers arranged singly along an elongated unbranched axis, with the flowers at the bottom opening first
Umbel
a flower cluster in which stalks of nearly equal length spring from a common center and form a flat or curved surface, characteristic of the parsley family
True fruit
a fruit that developed only from carpel tissue, not containing any other tissue
Accessory fruit
a fruit that contains nonovarian tissue
Simple fruit
a fruit that develops from a single carpel or the fused carpels of a single flower
Aggregate fruit
a fruit that develops from the crowding together of several separate carpels of one flower; ie raspberries
Multiple fruit
a fruit formed by the crowding together of the individual fruits of an entire inflorescnce; ie figs and pineapples
Dehiscent fruit
break open and release the seeds
Indehiscent fruit
remaining closed at maturity, not opening; true of many fruits and the megasporangia of seed plants
