Ch 8

Question 1

Fusiform initials

Answer 1

in a vascular cambium, the long cells with tapered ends that give rise to axial cells of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem; produce the elongate cells of wood (tracheids, vessel elements and fibers)

Question 2

Periclinal wall

Answer 2

a wall that is parallel to a nearby surface, especially the outer surface of the plant; produces two elongate cells; one continues to be a fusiform initial and the other differentiates into a cell of secondary xylem or secondary phloem

Question 3

Anticlinal wall

Answer 3

a wall perpendicular to a nearby surface, especially the outer surface of the plant; divides longitudinally thereby increasing the number of cambial cells

Question 4

Ray Initials

Answer 4

similar to fusiform initials except they are short and more or less cuboidal; undergo periclinal cell divisions, one of the daughters remains a cambial ray initials and the other differentiates into either xylem parenchyma if it is the inner cell or phloem parenchyma if it is the outer cell; produce short cells, mostly storage parenchyma and in gymnosperms, albuminous cells

Question 5

Axial system Secondary Xylem

Answer 5

derived from the fusiform initials; always contains tracheary elements (tracheids or vessel elements or both) which carry out longitudinal conduction of water through the wood; also usually gives wood strength and flexibility

Question 6

Radial systems (Rays) Secondary Xylem

Answer 6

develops from the ray initials; woody angiosperms contains only parenchyma, arranged as uniserate, biserate or multiserate masses called rays; ray parenchyma cells store carbohydrates and other nutrients during dormant periods and conduct material over short distances radially in wood

Question 7

Hardwoods

Answer 7

dicot trees and shrubs’ wood, because in general dicot wood contains fibers

Question 8

Softwoods

Answer 8

gymnosperms’ wood because few gymnosperms have any fibers in their wood

Question 9

Growth rings

Answer 9

in secondary xylem, the set of wood, usually early wood and late wood, produced in one year; AKA annual ring

Question 10

Early wood

Answer 10

AKA spring wood; in secondary xylem, the wood formed early in the season, usually with an abundance of vessels in angiosperms or with wide tracheids in gymnosperms

Question 11

Late wood

Answer 11

AKA summer wood; in secondary xylem, the wood formed late in the season, usually with few or no vessels in angiosperms, or with narrow tracheids in gymnosperms

Question 12

Heartwood (tylosis)

Answer 12

the colored, aromatic wood in the center of a trunk or branch; all the wood parenchyma cells have died and no water conduction is occuring

Question 13

Sapwood

Answer 13

the light-colored, light-scented outermost wood of a trunk or branch; conduction is still occurring and many wood parenchyma cells are alive

Question 14

Reaction wood

Answer 14

wood formed in response to mechanical stress; tension wood: the reaction of wood dicots, formed on the upper side of a branch; compression wood: the reaction wood of gymnosperms, formed on the lower side of a branch

Question 15

Axial System Secondary Phloem

Answer 15

conduction up and down the stem or root; contains sieve tube members and companion cells in angiosperms or sieve cells in gymnosperms; fibers and nonconducting parenchyma are also usually present

Question 16

Radial System Secondary Phloem

Answer 16

consist only of parenchyma cells; used for storage; in gymnosperms albuminous cells are ray cells

Question 17

Cork Cambium (AKA Phellogen)

Answer 17

a layer of cells that produces the cork cells of bark

Question 18

Cork cells

Answer 18

a subterranean, vertical stem that is thick and fleshy and has only thin papery leaves; example: gladiolus

Question 19

Periderm

Answer 19

technical term for bark; consists of cork, cork cambium, and any enclosed tissues such as secondary phloem

Question 20

Outer bark

Answer 20

the outermost dead layers of bark, from the surface to the innermost cork cambium

Question 21

Inner bark

Answer 21

the innermost, living layer of bark, located between the vascular cambium and the innermost cork cambium

Question 22

Lenticel

Answer 22

in bark, a region of cork cells with intercellular spaces, permitting diffusion of oxygen into inner tissues

Question 23

Anomalous Secondary Growth

Answer 23

alternative cambria that produce secondary bodies that differ from the common type

Question 24

Secondary growth in roots of sweet potatoes

Answer 24

dramatic increase in the amount of storage parenchyma, numerous vascular cambia arise around individual vessels or groups of vessels; rate of cell production is important b/c root must become very large very quickly; multiple cambia functioning simultaneously speed the production of storage capacity

Question 25

Secondary growth in monocots

Answer 25

a vascular cambium arises just outside the outermost vascular bundles and produces only parenchyma; conducting cells absent; some parenchyma cells differentiate into secondary vascular bundles; the ones that don't divide form secondary ground tissue

Question 26

Primary growth in palm trees

Answer 26

trunks do not taper at the tips and they do not branch; palm trunk is all primary tissue consisting of vascular bundles distributed throughout ground tissue; each bundle has primary phloem and xylem derived from shoot apical meristem; no vascular cambium; no true wood, no secondary phloem; vascular bundle enclosed in a sheath of strong, heavy fibers

Question 27

Establishment growth

Answer 27

increase in width and addition of adventitious roots in palms which is a form of primary growth