Ch 10

Question 1

Photophosphorylation

Answer 1

the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of light energy; a part of photosynthesis; animals, fungi and nonchlorophyllus pigments cannot perform

Question 2

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 2

the formation of ATP and ADP by having a phosphate group transferred to it from a substrate molecule; what animals and fungi do instead of photophosphorylation

Question 3

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 3

the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate, powered by energy released through respiration

Question 4

Oxidize

Answer 4

to raise the oxidation state of a molecule by removing an electron from it; an atom that does not carry as many electrons as it could

Question 5

Reduce

Answer 5

to lower the oxidation state of a molecule by adding an electron to it; when electrons are added to an atom

Question 6

Oxidizing agent

Answer 6

an electron carrier that is not carrying electrons

Question 7

Reducing Agent

Answer 7

an electron carrier that is carrying electrons

Question 8

Redox potential

Answer 8

the tendency of a molecule to accept or donate electrons during a chemical reaction

Question 9

Electron carrier NADP+

Answer 9

take electrons away from other molecules so it is an oxidizing agent

Question 10

Electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 10

includes gamma rays, x-rays, UV light, infrared light, mocrowaves and radio waves in addition to visible light

Question 11

Photons (quanta)

Answer 11

set of particles; or set of waves

Question 12

Pigment

Answer 12

any material that absorbs certain wavelengths specifically and has disctinctive color

Question 13

Chlorophyll a

Answer 13

absorbs only some red and some blue light

Question 14

Chlorophyll b

Answer 14

.

Question 15

Accessory Pigments

Answer 15

molecules that strongly absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a; broaden the action spectrum of photosynthesis by overcoming the narrow absorption of chlorophyll a

Question 16

Ground State

Answer 16

an electron in its most stable orbital, when it contains the least amount of energy

Question 17

Excited State

Answer 17

an electron that has absorbed a quantum and moved to a higher orbital; it has more energy than when it is in its ground state

Question 18

Absorption spectrum

Answer 18

a graph of the relative ability of a pigment to absorb absorb different wavelengths of light

Question 19

Action spectrum

Answer 19

a graph of the relative rates of reaction of a process as influenced by different wavelengths of light

Question 20

Antenna complex with reaction center

Answer 20

.

Question 21

Photosystem I

Answer 21

photosynthetic units with little chlorophyll b

Question 22

Photosystem II

Answer 22

photosynthetic units with chlorophyll b levels almost equal to chlorophyll a

Question 23

Photolysis

Answer 23

.

Question 24

NADPH+ Reductase

Answer 24

.

Question 25

Chloroplast grana

Answer 25

a set of flat vesicles in chloroplasts, involved in chemiosmotic phosphorylation

Question 26

Stroma

Answer 26

the liquid surrounding the thylakoid system

Question 27

Thylakoid lumen

Answer 27

the photosynthetic membranes of chloroplast

Question 28

Noncyclic electron transport

Answer 28

the flow of electrons from water to NADPH during light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 29

Cyclic electron transport

Answer 29

the flow of electrons from P700 back to plastoquinone in photosynthesis, such that there is proton pumping but no synthesis of NADPH

Question 30

C3 metabolism (Calvin cycle)

Answer 30

a set of metabolic reactions in which carbon dioxide is fixed temporarily into organic acids that are transported to bundle sheaths, where they release the carbon dioxide and C3 photosynthesis occurs

Question 31

C3 metabolism (Calvin cycle)

Answer 31

.

Question 32

PGAL

Answer 32

.

Question 33

PGAL

Answer 33

3-phosphoglyceraldehyde

Question 34

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 34

formation of glucose from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde

Question 35

Quality of sunlight

Answer 35

the colors or wavelengths it contains; sunlight is pure white because it contains the entire visible spectrum

Question 36

Quantity of light

Answer 36

refers to light intensity or brightness affected by clouds, shading, closeness to the equator

Question 37

Duration

Answer 37

the number of hours per day that sunlight is available

Question 38

Light compensation point

Answer 38

the level of illumination at which photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide just matches respiratory loss

Question 39

C4 Metabolism

Answer 39

a set of metabolic reactions in which carbon dioxide is fixed temporarily into organic acids that are transported to bundle sheaths, where they release the carbon dioxide and C3 photosynthesis occurs

Question 40

Photorespiration

Answer 40

the oxidation of phosphoglycolate produced when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen, not carbon dioxide, to RuBP

Question 41

PEP carboxylase

Answer 41

.

Question 42

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)

Answer 42

a metabolism in which carbon dioxide is absorbed at night and fixed temporarily into organic acids. During daytime, the acids break down, carbon dioxide is released, and C3 photosynthesis