Ch 9 Flashcards
The U.S. has made significant progress toward achieving
Health equity
Eliminating/reducing health disparities
Improving health of all residents
However, the U.S. lags behind other nations in the five dimensions of health. What are they?
Access
Quality
Efficiency
Equity
Healthy lives
Progress has not been similarly experiences by all citizens. Keys outcomes vary greatly by
Race, sex, SES, location/regional differences
encompasses all major areas of health statistics, including population and health status, health resources, health care use, health care expenditures, and program management data
Health data
These are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age such as education attainment, access to health food retailers, environmental hazards, and unemployment
Social determinants of health
Reducing health disparities begins with
collecting and providing accurate and useful data on causes of disparities
A national disease prevention and health promotion initiative that is science-based and provides 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans
Healthy people
Service that gathers a wide variety of timely and reliable data, to include epidemiological and statistical information in order to protect the health of the nation’s population.
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)
This is one component of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that serves as the federal government’s designated agency for general purpose health statistics. It provides statistical info that guides actions and policies to improve the health of the American people.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
health statistics permit the government to do what?
Document the health status of the U.S. population & selected subgroups
Track the impact of major policy initiative
Id disparities in the health status and use of health care by race and ethnicity, SES, other population characteristics, and geographic region
Document access to and use of health care system
Monitor trends in health indicators
Support biomedical and health services research
Provide data to support public policies and programs
The NCHS supports several data systems that collect information annually or periodically
National Vital Statistics System
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
National Health Care Surveys monitors use of medical care
National Immunization Survey
National Survey of Family Growth
births, deaths, causes of death, fetal deaths, marriages, and divorces
National Vital Statistics System
children/adults interviewed about their health and nutritional status
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
monitors use of medical care (physicians’ offices, ambulatory surgery centers, nursing homes, and home health agencies), staffing, patient safety, and clinical management of conditions
National Health Care Surveys
monitors data on childhood immunization coverage
National Immunization Survey
collects data on family life, marriage & divorce, pregnancy, infertility, use of contraception, and men’s/women’s health
National Survey of Family Growth
The NCHS collect data from surveys that include items on race and ethnicity from these centers and agencies:
Center for Chronic Disease & Health Promotion
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, & Mental Health Administration
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institute of Mental Health
Agency for Health Care Policy & Research
Indian Health Services
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Aggregated data has been collected since
1977
Data standards stemmed from the responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws and were needed to monitor equal access in housing, education, employment, and other areas for what type of populations?
populations that historically had experienced discrimination and differential treatment because of their race or ethnicity
Valid & reliable data are fundamental for
identifying differences in care & developing targeted interventions to improve the quality of care delivered to specific populations.
The capacity to measure & monitor quality of care for various racial & ethnic populations rests on the ability both to do what?
MEASURE quality of care in general and to conduct similar measurements across different racial, ethnic, and linguistic groups.
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) provides the standardized ethnic categories for collecting these data:
Black or African American
White
Asian
American Indian or Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
essential first step towards ensuring effective health care communication
Assessing individual language need
It has been recommended that data be collected on the level of what?
English proficiency and preferred spoken language, the language spoken by the person at home, and the language in which they prefer to receive written materials.
When it’s a child, the language need of the parent or guardian must be determined.
When should a person’s language need be assessed?
If an adult has a guardian or conservator
Having language need information facilitates higher quality services in
Encounters
Analysis of health care disparities
System level planning (determining the need for interpreters and matching patients to language concordant providers)
describes the myriad components of the well-being or ill health of the population so that health care professionals can develop interventions for preventing and controlling disease and evaluate the effect of these interventions
Health status
include various measures such as the nature and extent of mortality, morbidity, and disability in people and populations, as well as their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors concerning health and health care.
Health status data
Life expectancy for men and women
76.4 for men
81.2 for women
Health ranking by state
Hawaii was listed as the healthiest state followed by Vermont and Minnesota
Mississippi ranked 50th, with Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, and West Virginia completing the bottom 5 states
refers to a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another group. It’s a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.
Health disparity
differences among groups in health insurance coverage, access to and use of care, and quality of care.
Health care disparity
attainment of the highest level of health for all people
Health equity
Areas of disparities
Even when income, health insurance, and access to care are accounted for, disparities remain. Low performance on a range of health indicators reveals differences between racial and ethnic-minority populations and their White counterparts.
Health Outcomes (infant mortality, HIV/AIDS death rate, cervical cancer rate, depression in women, victimization of intimate partner, rates of blood pressure control lowest amongst Mexican Americans, diabetes prevalence)
Access to Care
Environmental Hazards
No single factor can fully explain the U.S. health disadvantage. Four areas are likely:
Health systems
Health behaviors
Social and economic conditions
Physical environments
