Ch 1 Flashcards
a complex system of multiple universal elements, such as language, value, traditions, and behaviors that coalesce, in different combinations akin to a kaleidoscope, to create a whole
Culture
visible and observable and provides evidence of human development through interactions with and transformation of the environment
External culture
aspects of culture that are expressed in individual lives, particularly the ways people behave in certain situations
Internal culture
food, art, literature, festival celebrations, and traditional clothes is an example of what type of culture
External
gestures, facial expressions, and behavioral norms are examples of what type of culture?
Internal
Any group whose members agree on symbolic elements that are essential to the group’s core identity
Culture group
flags, logos, other symbols that require insider knowledge are an example of what
Culture group
Culture can be conceived of as a process that is
learned, localized, patterned, value based, and adaptive
Context culture can be either
High or low
people know more about others in their cultural group implicitly and can understand the meaning of what is said without it being stated explicitly
High context culture
communication is clear and transparent even to those outside the cultural group. Communication is explicit, specific, and detailed to ensure the meaning is understood by people of diverse backgrounds or contexts
Low context culture
Asian, Latin American, and Mediterranean countries are which type of context
High
U.S. and northern European nations are ____ context; communication is literal, and words communicate the message in its entirety
Low
5 dimensions for understanding culture
•Power distance
•Individualism vs. collectivism
•Uncertainty avoidance
•Masculinity vs. femininity
•Time orientation
Two types of knowledge People acquire about their own culture from the inside.
Emic and etic knowledge
cultural knowledge acquired early in life through socialization
Emic knowledge
information acquired explicitly in theoretical ways (e.g. - reading) or through observation (of people from that culture)
Etic knowledge
The process by which people acquire the characteristics of a culture group
Socialization
Ways socialization is acquired
family members teach a child situation-appropriate behaviors initially, and the child’s circle expands, community institutions like schools also contribute to socialization
Socialization into multiple cultural groups occurs throughout the ___________
Lifespan
symbols and systems of meaning that are relevant to members of a particular culture or society
Culture codes
True/False: culture codes work subconsciously, shaping behaviors that make people distinctly American or French or Japanese. They influence how people process information, conduct their social lives, and assign hidden meanings to things
True
Membership in a group comes with the expectation that the individual accepts group values and norms.
Deviation
With deviation, doing differently can be a source of cultural conflict when WHAT type of knowledge contributes to bias, stereotypes, and attitudinal intolerances.
Emic knowledge
Levels of cultural influence
Individual
Interpersonal
Organizational
Structural
Interpersonal cultural influence
Family, friends, and social groups
Organizational cultural influence
Personal and professional community
Structural cultural influences
Societal, state, national, and global laws, regulations, and policies
highly varied, complex, and specific to migrants’ local-level social, economic, and political contexts
Patterns of migration
describes the hybrid culture that evolves through the blending of home or heritage culture and host or receiving culture
Ethnogenesis
occurs when people encounter and experience cultures that are different from their original culture; these transformative experiences shape & alter people, their occupations, and their environments
Acculturation
A society in which individuals form different cultural groups coexist, enjoy the freedom to retain their cultural practices, and participate in the larger society. The process happens over time.
Cultural pluralism
mixing of languages that happens with bilingual speakers
Can be expanded to include mixing behaviors and attitudes as adaptive strategies to cope with the stress of navigating different cultural spaces.
It is used by members of all cultural groups to fit in, to stand apart, or to communicate in a tacit manner in a contewxt different from their most proximal or familiar context.
Code switching
considering the intersections among multiple issues (race, gender, class)
AND
takes into account the social and political institutional inequities and power differentials that lead to and perpetuate cumulative disadavatages of certain disenfranchised groups
Are two unique perspectives of what?
Intersection framework
the principles or beliefs that people hold about what is fundamentally important in life. These beliefs influence behavioral standards and action; prescribe what is deemed appropriate behavior given a particular situation
Values
beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, motivations, and behaviors adhered to by a specific culture group. They are the lenses group members use to view themselves, the world, and outsiders
Culture-specific values
6 characteristics that all values share
1.Values are beliefs that are related to emotions.
2.Values are concerned with desirable actions or goals.
3.Values transcend specific situations and actions.
4.Values set the norms or standards.
5.Values have a rank order of importance.
6.The relative importance of values is situation dependent and guides the course of action or behavior.
type of goal or motivation it expresses
Distinguishing factor
products of values and guide interpersonal behaviors and relationships
Attitudes
prevailing negative ways of feeling or thinking in any society that affect interpersonal interactions, social inclusion, and participation for certain groups
Example: racism
Attitudinal barriers
refers to the notion of a single American cultural identity in which immigrants forsake their original culture and adopt the dominant cultural values to assimilate into mainstream American culture
Melting pot metaphor
captures the idea of immigrants’ retaining their own culture while adopting aspects of mainstream culture to better participate in everyday life
Salad bowl metaphor
Belief in a set of common core values. Essential for society to function.
National idenditiy
The phenomenon of global economic cooperation and integration that has facilitated the easy movement of people, goods, services, ideas, and culture across nations
process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities
Globalization
the economic, technological and cultural hegemony of the industrialized nations, which determines the direction of both economic and social progress, defines cultural values, and standardizes the civilization and cultural environment throughout the world
Cultural imperialism
These two things influence each other reciprocally; as one evolves, so does the other
Technology and culture
Centrality of occupation, Client-centered practice, Autonomy, Individualism, and Recognizing professional cultural bias describe the what of OT
Values
Views the purview of health care as treating impairments in the body systems caused by pathology, trauma, and other health conditions,
Biomedical culture of the health care system
Current paradigm of health & well-being
Biopsychosocial paradigm
holds that biological, psychological, and social factors play an equally significant role in human functioning. This paradigm best matches occupational therapy’s culture and values
Biopsychosocial paradigm
How does adopting the biopsychosocial paradigm support the OT profession?
By addressing contextual factors and their contributions to occupational issues, health, and well-being and embracing an ideological shift from the biomedical paradigm to the biopsychosocial paradigm
the study of humans as occupational beings and the occupational meanings, experiences, and contextual aspects that enrich the health, well-being, and quality of human lives.
Occupational science
the right of people to engage in occupations to sustain their health and well-being
Occupational justice
the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
EBP
includes both personal and environmental factors among the influences on health, and medicine
ICF model
a fundamental tenet of the OT profession, is challenged by reimbursement, scope of practice issues, billing codes, and organizational role delineation.
Holistic practice
