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Clinical Manefestations > Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the diagnostic value of the sputum examination.

A

The amount, color and components of sputum are very important in the assessment and diagnosis of many respiratory disorders.
* TB
* pneumonia
* lung cancer
* pneumoconoisis

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2
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

fiberoptic bronchoscope: allows direct visulaization of the upper airways.
fluoroscopic brochoscope: more peripheral areas can be examined or treated.

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3
Q

Diagnostic bronchoscopy

A

Usaually performed when an infectious disease is suspected and not otherwise diagnosed. Or to obtain a lung biopsy sample when the abnormal lung tissue is located on or near the bronchi.

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4
Q

What is therapeutic bronchoscopy?

A

includes (1) suctioning of excessive secretions or mucous plugs, especially when lung atelectasis is present or forming, (2) the removal of foreign bodies or cancer obstructing the airway, (3) selective lavage (with normal saline or mucolytic agents), and (4) management of life threatening hemoptysis.

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5
Q

What is bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)?

A

involves injecting a small amount (30 mL) of sterile saline through the bronchoscope and then withdrawing the fluid for examination of cells. is commonly used to diagnose Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

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6
Q

What is EBUS?

A

An examination may be performed during a bronchoscopy to help establish the stage of lung cancer and, importantly, establish if—and how—the cancer may have spread.

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7
Q

What is mediastinoscopy?

A

the insertion of a scope through a small incision in the suprasternal notch; the scope is then advanced into the mediastinum.

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8
Q

What is a lung biopsy?

A

A lung biopsy sample can be obtained by means of a trans- bronchial needle biopsy or an open-lung biopsy.

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9
Q

What is a transbronchial lung biopsy?

A

entails passing forceps or a needle through a bronchoscope to obtain a specimen

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10
Q

What is an open lung biopsy?

A

involves surgery to remove a sample of lung tissue. An incision is made over the area of the lung from which the tissue sample is to be collected.

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11
Q

What is a thoracentesis?

A

a procedure in which excess fluid accumulation (pleural effusion) between the chest cavity and lungs (pleural space) is aspirated through a needle inserted through the chest wall

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12
Q

What is pleurodesis?

A

is performed to prevent the recurrence of a pneumothorax or pleural effusion. is achieved by injecting any number of agents (called sclerosing agents or sclerosants) into the pleural space through a chest tube.

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13
Q

What are some sclerosant agents?

A

Common sclerosant chemicals include a slurry of talc, bleomycin, nitrogen mustard, doxycycline, povidone iodine, or quinacrine. They cause irritation and inflammation (pleuritis) between the parietal and the visceral layers of the pleura.

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14
Q

What are some complications and risks of pleurodesis?

A

• Superinfection
• Bleeding
• ARDS
• atelectasis

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15
Q

What are the different types of hematology?

A

CBC
RBC
WBC
HB
HCT
PLATELETS

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16
Q

What are the diff types of anemia?

A

Pernicious anemia, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, Normochromic anemia, hypochromic anemia, Macrocytic anemia

17
Q

How many RBCs does a healthy man have?

A

5 mil (mm^3)

18
Q

How many RBCs does a healthy woman have?

A

4 mil (mm^3)

19
Q

What are the main function of WBCs?

A

(1) fight against infection, (2) defend the body by phagocytosis against foreign substances, and (3) produce (or at least transport and distribute) antibodies in the immune response.

20
Q

What is the range for WBCs?

A

5,000-10,000

21
Q

What are the granular leukocytes?

A
22
Q

What are the non- granular leukocytes?

A
23
Q

Neutrophils

A

They are one of several types of cells called phagocytes that ingest and destroy bacterial organisms and particulate matter.

24
Q

Eosinophils

A

are activated by allergies (such as an allergic asthmatic episode) and parasitic infections. are thought to detoxify the agents or chemical mediators associated with allergic reactions. An increased count may also be associated with lung cancer, chronic skin infections (e.g., psoriasis, scabies), polycythemia, and tumors.

25
Q

Basophils

A

Are primarily associated with certain myeloproliferative disorders. It is thought that they are involved in allergic and stress responses. They are also considered to be phagocytic and to contain heparin, histamines, and serotonin.

26
Q

Monocytes

A

The are the second order of cells to arrive at the inflammation site, usually appearing about 5 hours or more after the injury. They circulate in the bloodstream, from which they move into tissues—at which point they may mature into long-living macrophages (also called histiocytes).

27
Q

Platelets

A

They are round or oval, flattened, and disk-shaped in appearance. They are produced in the bone marrow and possibly in the lungs. essential for blood clotting.

28
Q

Lymphocytes

A

are also involved in the production of antibodies, which are special proteins that inactivate antigens.

29
Q

What are the diff types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

1) cytotoxic T cells (also called killer lymphocytes or natural killer cells), which attack and kill foreign or infected cells; (2) helper T cells, which recognize foreign antigens and help activate cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells (B cells); (3) inducer T cells, which stimulate the production of the different T-cell subsets; and (4) suppressor T cells, which work to suppress the responses of the other cells and help provide feedback information to the system.

30
Q

What is the normal HCT for a healthy man?

A

45%

31
Q

What is the normal HCT for a healthy woman?

A

42%

32
Q

What is the range for HCT?

A

45-60%

33
Q

What is the normal MCV for men and women?

A

87-103um^3

34
Q

What is MCHC and the normal ranges for men and women?

A

The measure of the concentration or proportion of Hb in an average (mean) RBC.

32% to 36%.

35
Q

What are the blood chemistry tests commonly monitored in
respiratory care?

A
36
Q

What are the electrolytes commonly monitored in respiratory
care?

A

Sodium 136-142
Potassium 3.8 - 5
Chloride 95 - 103
Calcium 4.5 - 5.4

Clinical Manefestations (20 decks)

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