Ch. 13 Flashcards
ATS guidelines for COPD?
a preventable and treat- able disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive, is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking. Although COPD affects the lungs, it also produces significant systemic consequences.
ATS guidelines for chronic bronchitis?
defined clinically as chronic produc- tive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years in a patient in whom other causes of productive chronic cough have been excluded.
ATS guidelines for emphysema?
defined pathologically as the presence of permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the termi- nal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of bronchiole walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Describe the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) definition of COPD.
a term referring to two lung diseases chronic bronchitis and emphysema occurring simultaneously.
Explain the anatomic alterations of the lungs associated with chronic bronchitis?
• Chronic inflammation and thickening of the walls of the
peripheral airways.
• Excessive mucous production and accumulation.
• Partial or total mucous plugging of the airways.
• Smooth muscle constriction of bronchial airways
(bronchospasm)—a variable finding.
• Air trapping and hyperinflation of alveoli may occur in
late stages.
Describe the etiology and epidemiology of COPD.
10 to 15 million people in the United States have chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or a combination of both. in the United States about 9.5 million people have chronic bronchitis and 4.1 million people have emphysema. COPD claims more that 138,000 Americans each year. It is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Recent data show that COPD prevalence and mortality is now about equal in men and women, which likely reflects the changing patterns of smoking.
Discuss the risk factors associated with COPD.
• Genes—Alpha1–antitrypsin deficiency
• Socioeconomic Status
• Asthma/Bronchial HyperReactivity
• Chronic bronchitis
• respiratory infections
• TB
Describe the GOLD guidelines for the diagnosis and
assessment of COPD.
Identify the key distinctive differences between chronic
bronchitis and emphysema—the “pink puffer” and the
“blue bloater.”
The term pink puffer is derived from the reddish complexion and the “puffing” (pursed-lip breathing) commonly seen in the patient with emphysema.
The term blue bloater is derived from the cyanosis—the bluish color of the lips and skin—commonly seen in the patient with chronic bronchitis.
Describe the GOLD global strategy for the diagnosis,
management, and prevention of COPD.
The GOLD management program for COPD is subdivided into the following three categories: Therapeutic Options, Management of Stable COPD, and Management of COPD.
What do these abbreviations means?
Explain the anatomic alterations of the lungs associated with emphysema?
In panacinar emphysema, or panlobular emphysema there is an abnormal weakening and enlargement of all alveoli distal to the terminal bronchioles, including the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli—the entire acinus is affected by dilatation and destruction. The alveolar-capillary surface area is significantly decreased.
What is Panlobular emphysema?
is commonly found in the lower parts of the lungs and is sometimes associated with a deficiency of the protease inhibitor alpha1-antitrypsin.
Panlobular emphysema is one of the more severe types of emphysema and therefore the most likely to produce signifi- cant clinical manifestations.
What is centriacinar emphysema?
centriacinar emphysema, or centrilobular emphysema , the pathology involves the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus. The respiratory walls enlarge, become confluent, and are then destroyed. A rim of parenchyma remains relatively unaffected.
Panacinar emphysema?
A severe deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin poses a strong risk factor for early onset of emphysema.
What are the Anticholinergic Agents, Long-Acting?
Inhaled Corticosteroids & Long-Acting Beta2 Agents (Combined)
Systemic Corticosteroids
Xanthine Derivatives Used as Bronchodilators in COPD
Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor
