Ch. 6

Question 1

Describe two ways in which oxygen is carried in the blood?

Answer 1

1. Dissolved in plasma
2. Bound by hemoglobin.

Question 2

Describe the clinical significance of pulmonary shunting?

Answer 2

The significance of pulmonary shunting is that it’s desirable in developing patient care plans, since it is a frequent complication in respiratory disorders

Question 3

List factors that increase and decrease the oxygen content and oxygen transport calculations

Answer 3

Question 4

Discuss mechanisms by which specific respiratory diseases alter oxygen transport studies.

Answer 4

Question 5

Differentiate between hypoxemia and hypoxia

Answer 5

Hypoxemia is low oxygen amount in the blood hypoxia is low oxygen amount tissues

Question 6

Classify the severity of mild, moderate, and severe hypoxia

Answer 6

Normal: 80 to 100
Mild: 60 to 80
Moderate: 40 to 60
Severe: less than 40

Question 7

What is a hypoxic hypoxia?

Answer 7

Inadequate oxygen at the tissue, so caused by low arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)
Causes: hypoventilation, high altitude, diffusion impairment, interstitial fibrosis, interstitial, lung disease, interstitial, pulmonary edema, pneumo-coniosis, ventilation perfusion mismatch.

Question 8

What is anemic hypoxia?

Answer 8

PaO2 is normal, but the oxygen carrying capacity and thus the oxygen Content of the blood is inadequate
Causes: anemia & hemorrhage

Question 9

What is circulatory hypoxia?

Answer 9

Blood flow to the tissue cells is inadequate; Therefore adequate oxygen is not available to meet tissue needs.
Causes: hypotension, slow flow or stagnant pooling of peripheral blood

Question 10

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

Answer 10

Impaired ability of the tissue cells to metabolize oxygen.
Causes: arterial venous shunts and cyanide poisoning

Question 11

Describe the pathophysiologic conditions associated with chronic hypoxia?

Answer 11

Cor pulmonale: Cor pulmonale is the term used to denote pulmonary arterial hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, increased right ventricular work, and ultimately right ventricular failure.
Polycythemia: an increased level of red blood cells.
Hypoxic vasoconstriction of the lungs: commonly develops in response to the decreased PAO2 that occurs in chronic respiratory disorders. The decreased PAO2 causes the smooth muscles of the pulmonary arterioles to constrict.

Question 12

What is a erythropoietin?

Answer 12

the renal cells release higher than normal amounts of the hormone erythropoietin, which in turn stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell (RBC) production.

Question 13

What is intracellular oxygen tension (icO2)?

Question 14

What is lactic acid?

Answer 14

Lactic acid is a nonvolatile acid and causes the pH to decrease.

Question 15

What is thermodilution?

Answer 15

Method used to measure cardiac output