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BIO 101 > Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two functions of cell division?

A
  1. asexual reproduction
  2. growth and development
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2
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the region on each sister chromatid in a duplicated chromosome where it is most closely attached to its sister chromatid

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3
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A
  • a protein complex at the center of a chromosome during cell division
  • functions in binding microtubules
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4
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

two copies of a duplicatied chromosome attached to each other at the centromere

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5
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

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6
Q

What is interphase?

A
  • phase in the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing
  • cellular activity is high
  • chromosomes & organelles are duplicated

accounts for 90% of the cell cycle

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7
Q

What is the mitotic (M) phase?

A

cell cycle phase including mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
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9
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

first gap of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

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10
Q

What is the S phase?

A

the synthesis phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated

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11
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

second gap of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

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12
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

a non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle

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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells
  • consists of 5 phases
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14
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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15
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
  • nucleolus disappears but nucleus remains intact
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16
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments
  • spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes
17
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • spindle is complete
  • chromosomes attached to microtubules at their kinetochores are aligned at the metaphase plane
18
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • chromatids of each chromosome have separated
  • daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell
19
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • final stage of mitosis where daughter nuclei are forming
  • cytokinesis has typically begun
20
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis

21
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A
  • an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
  • forms during prophase
22
Q

What is cleavage?

A

pinching of the plasma membrane during cytokinesis

animal cells ONLY

23
Q

What is the cleavage furrow?

A
  • a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
  • pinched in 2, producing completely separated cells

animal cells ONLY

24
Q

What is the cell plate?

A
  • a membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the middle of a dividing plant cell
  • enlarges until its membrane fuses w/ the plasma membrane, producing 2 daughter cells

plant cells ONLY

25
Q

What is binary fission?

A

asexual reproduction of prokaryotes by a separation of the body into two new bodies

26
Q

What are the 4 stages of binary fission?

A
  1. duplication
  2. elongation
  3. pinching
  4. division
27
Q

What is duplication?

A

DNA replicates

28
Q

What is elongation?

A

cells begins to elongate and stretch

29
Q

What is pinching?

A

septum forms from cleavage furrow

30
Q

What is division?

A

2 daughter cells form after the septum is complete

31
Q

What are the 3 major checkpoints within the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 checkpoint
  2. G2 checkpoint
  3. M/spindle checkpoint
32
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

primary point at which a cell chooses to divide or not

33
Q

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

A

checks for DNA damage DNA replication completeness

34
Q

What happens in the M/spindle checkpoint?

A

checks for chromosome attachment to the spindle at the metaphase plate

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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