Ch. 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two functions of cell division?

A
  1. asexual reproduction
  2. growth and development
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2
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the region on each sister chromatid in a duplicated chromosome where it is most closely attached to its sister chromatid

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3
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A
  • a protein complex at the center of a chromosome during cell division
  • functions in binding microtubules
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4
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

two copies of a duplicatied chromosome attached to each other at the centromere

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5
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

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6
Q

What is interphase?

A
  • phase in the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing
  • cellular activity is high
  • chromosomes & organelles are duplicated

accounts for 90% of the cell cycle

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7
Q

What is the mitotic (M) phase?

A

cell cycle phase including mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
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9
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

first gap of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

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10
Q

What is the S phase?

A

the synthesis phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated

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11
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

second gap of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

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12
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

a non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle

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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells
  • consists of 5 phases
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14
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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15
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
  • nucleolus disappears but nucleus remains intact
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16
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments
  • spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes
17
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • spindle is complete
  • chromosomes attached to microtubules at their kinetochores are aligned at the metaphase plane
18
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • chromatids of each chromosome have separated
  • daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell
19
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • final stage of mitosis where daughter nuclei are forming
  • cytokinesis has typically begun
20
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis

21
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A
  • an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
  • forms during prophase
22
Q

What is cleavage?

A

pinching of the plasma membrane during cytokinesis

animal cells ONLY

23
Q

What is the cleavage furrow?

A
  • a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
  • pinched in 2, producing completely separated cells

animal cells ONLY

24
Q

What is the cell plate?

A
  • a membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the middle of a dividing plant cell
  • enlarges until its membrane fuses w/ the plasma membrane, producing 2 daughter cells

plant cells ONLY

25
What is binary fission?
asexual reproduction of prokaryotes by a separation of the body into two new bodies
26
What are the 4 stages of binary fission?
1. duplication 2. elongation 3. pinching 4. division
27
What is duplication?
DNA replicates
28
What is elongation?
cells begins to elongate and stretch
29
What is pinching?
septum forms from cleavage furrow
30
What is division?
2 daughter cells form after the septum is complete
31
What are the 3 major checkpoints within the cell cycle?
1. G1 checkpoint 2. G2 checkpoint 3. M/spindle checkpoint
32
What happens at the G1 checkpoint?
primary point at which a cell chooses to divide or not
33
What happens at the G2 checkpoint?
checks for DNA damage DNA replication completeness
34
What happens in the M/spindle checkpoint?
checks for chromosome attachment to the spindle at the metaphase plate