Ch. 8

Question 1

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 1

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

Question 2

What is the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 2

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 3

What are autotrophs?

Answer 3

“self-feeders”; capable of making their own food

capable of utilizing photosynthesis

Question 4

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 4

“other-feeders”; must consume other organisms for consumption

Question 5

What is the mesophyll?

Answer 5

• leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis
• allows CO2 to diffuse into the plant and O2 to diffuse out

Question 6

What are stomata?

Answer 6

• pores on the surfaces of leaves
• take in CO2 and release O2

Question 7

What substances are leaving through leaf openings?

Answer 7

O2 and water

Question 8

What substances are entering leaf openings?

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 9

sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

Question 10

What are thylakoids?

Answer 10

flattened sacs within the chloroplast responsible for converting sunlight to chemical energy during photosynthesis

Question 11

What is the stroma?

Answer 11

the dense fluid surrounding the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O

Question 12

What are grana?

Answer 12

individual stacks of thylakoid discs that function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 13

How many membranes surround the chloroplast?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

What are the 2 major stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 14

light reactions and the Calvin Cycle (dark reactions)

Question 15

What is required and made in light reactions?

Answer 15

H2O is required, O2 is made

Question 16

What is required and made in the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 16

CO2 is required, CH2O is made

Question 17

What is the wavelength range for visible light?

Answer 17

380-750 nm

Question 18

What is a photon?

Answer 18

a particle of light energy that comes from the sun

Question 19

What are pigments?

Answer 19

proteins that, in plants, are responsible for absorbing sunlight during photosynthesis

Question 20

Where are pigments found in plants?

Answer 20

the thylakoids of chloroplasts

Question 21

How is color perception determined?

Answer 21

which colors are absorbed by pigments and which ones are reflected

Question 22

What is chlorophyll a?

Answer 22

• the prodominant pigment found in green plants
• reflects the color blue-green

Question 23

What is chlorophyll b?

Answer 23

• a workhorse for chlorophyll a
• reflects the color green-yellow

Question 24

What are carotenoids?

Answer 24

• another workhorse for chlorophyll a
• reflects the color orange

Question 25

What happens when pigments absorb photons?

Answer 25

electrons in the chlorophyll get excited

Question 26

What are photosystems?

Answer 26

* light-capturing units found in the thylakoid * consist of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

Question 27

What are the two types of photosystems?

Answer 27

photosystems I and II

Question 28

What substance is required in light reactions?

Answer 28

water b/c it acts as a source of electrons

Question 29

How do electrons travel in non-cyclic pathways?

Answer 29

shuttled through the linear flow of electrons

Question 30

What is required in PSII in order to produce NADPH?

Answer 30

more sunlight

Question 31

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 31

the process of hydrogen ions (protons) moving through ATP synthase

Question 32

How many atoms of carbon does RuBP have?

Answer 32

5

Question 33

What is rubisco?

Answer 33

the enzyme responsible for combining RuBP w/ CO2

Question 34

What is required to convert 3PGA to G3P?

Answer 34

6 ATP, 6 NADPH

Question 35

What role does G3P play in the making of RuBP?

Answer 35

the molecules that stay in the cycle are formed back into RuBP, requiring ATP

Question 36

What is carbon fixation?

Answer 36

first stage of the Calvin Cycle that forms sugar and other organic compounds for energy

Question 37

What is reduction?

Answer 37

second stage of the Calvin Cycle where energy is obtained from ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions

Question 38

What is regeneration?

Answer 38

third stage of the Calvin Cycle where some G3P molecules are used to produce glucose, while others are recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptors

Question 39

What occurs when RuBP is not available?

Answer 39

photorespiration

Question 40

What is photorespiration?

Answer 40

a metabolic pathway that consumes O2 and ATP, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthetic output

Question 41

What are the 3 types of photosynthesis in plants?

Answer 41

C3, C4, CAM

Question 42

What are C3 plants?

Answer 42

* accounts for majority of plants * have no special features to combat photorespiration | "normal" plants, stomata open day, cool, wet environments

Question 43

What are C4 plants?

Answer 43

* minimize photorespiration by separating initial CO2 fixation and the Calvin Cycle * performs these steps in different cells | bundle-sheath cells, stomata open day, hot, sunny environment

Question 44

What are CAM plants?

Answer 44

* Crassulacean acid metabolism * minimize photorespiration and save water by separating steps between night and day | different time, stomata open night, very hot, dry environment