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BIO 101 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

What is the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

“self-feeders”; capable of making their own food

capable of utilizing photosynthesis

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4
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

“other-feeders”; must consume other organisms for consumption

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5
Q

What is the mesophyll?

A
  • leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis
  • allows CO2 to diffuse into the plant and O2 to diffuse out
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6
Q

What are stomata?

A
  • pores on the surfaces of leaves
  • take in CO2 and release O2
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7
Q

What substances are leaving through leaf openings?

A

O2 and water

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8
Q

What substances are entering leaf openings?

A

CO2

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9
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

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10
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

flattened sacs within the chloroplast responsible for converting sunlight to chemical energy during photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the stroma?

A

the dense fluid surrounding the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O

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12
Q

What are grana?

A

individual stacks of thylakoid discs that function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

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13
Q

How many membranes surround the chloroplast?

A

2

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14
Q

What are the 2 major stages of photosynthesis?

A

light reactions and the Calvin Cycle (dark reactions)

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15
Q

What is required and made in light reactions?

A

H2O is required, O2 is made

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16
Q

What is required and made in the Calvin Cycle?

A

CO2 is required, CH2O is made

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17
Q

What is the wavelength range for visible light?

A

380-750 nm

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18
Q

What is a photon?

A

a particle of light energy that comes from the sun

19
Q

What are pigments?

A

proteins that, in plants, are responsible for absorbing sunlight during photosynthesis

20
Q

Where are pigments found in plants?

A

the thylakoids of chloroplasts

21
Q

How is color perception determined?

A

which colors are absorbed by pigments and which ones are reflected

22
Q

What is chlorophyll a?

A
  • the prodominant pigment found in green plants
  • reflects the color blue-green
23
Q

What is chlorophyll b?

A
  • a workhorse for chlorophyll a
  • reflects the color green-yellow
24
Q

What are carotenoids?

A
  • another workhorse for chlorophyll a
  • reflects the color orange
25
Q

What happens when pigments absorb photons?

A

electrons in the chlorophyll get excited

26
Q

What are photosystems?

A
  • light-capturing units found in the thylakoid
  • consist of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
27
Q

What are the two types of photosystems?

A

photosystems I and II

28
Q

What substance is required in light reactions?

A

water b/c it acts as a source of electrons

29
Q

How do electrons travel in non-cyclic pathways?

A

shuttled through the linear flow of electrons

30
Q

What is required in PSII in order to produce NADPH?

A

more sunlight

31
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the process of hydrogen ions (protons) moving through ATP synthase

32
Q

How many atoms of carbon does RuBP have?

A

5

33
Q

What is rubisco?

A

the enzyme responsible for combining RuBP w/ CO2

34
Q

What is required to convert 3PGA to G3P?

A

6 ATP, 6 NADPH

35
Q

What role does G3P play in the making of RuBP?

A

the molecules that stay in the cycle are formed back into RuBP, requiring ATP

36
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

first stage of the Calvin Cycle that forms sugar and other organic compounds for energy

37
Q

What is reduction?

A

second stage of the Calvin Cycle where energy is obtained from ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions

38
Q

What is regeneration?

A

third stage of the Calvin Cycle where some G3P molecules are used to produce glucose, while others are recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptors

39
Q

What occurs when RuBP is not available?

A

photorespiration

40
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

a metabolic pathway that consumes O2 and ATP, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthetic output

41
Q

What are the 3 types of photosynthesis in plants?

A

C3, C4, CAM

42
Q

What are C3 plants?

A
  • accounts for majority of plants
  • have no special features to combat photorespiration

“normal” plants, stomata open day, cool, wet environments

43
Q

What are C4 plants?

A
  • minimize photorespiration by separating initial CO2 fixation and the Calvin Cycle
  • performs these steps in different cells

bundle-sheath cells, stomata open day, hot, sunny environment

44
Q

What are CAM plants?

A
  • Crassulacean acid metabolism
  • minimize photorespiration and save water by separating steps between night and day

different time, stomata open night, very hot, dry environment

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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