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BIO 101 > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the overall chemical reactions occuring within an organism at a given time

consists of catabolic and anabolic pathways

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2
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

a series of chemical reactions that either build or destroy complex molecules

2 types: catabolic and anabolic

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3
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules

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4
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

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5
Q

What are bioenergetics?

A

the study of how energy flows through organisms

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6
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to cause change, especially the ability to do work

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7
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy in motion

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8
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy

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9
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

a form of potential energy where it is available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction

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10
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

“energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created nor destroyed”

principle of conservation of energy

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11
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

“every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

usable forms of energy partly converted to heat

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12
Q

What are thermodynamics?

A

the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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13
Q

What is entropy?

A

a measure of molecular disorder or randomness

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14
Q

What is delta G?

A

the symbol for the change of free energy

delta G = G final state - G initial state

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15
Q

What is free energy?

A

the energy that is available to do work

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16
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

a spontaneous chemical reaction that leads to a net release of free energy

energy-releasing process

17
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

a non-spontaneous chemical reaction; free energy is absorbed from its surroundings

energy-consuming process

18
Q

Is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic

19
Q

Is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic

20
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate? (ATP)

A

a molecule that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

21
Q

What are the 3 kinds of cellular work?

A
  1. chemical work
  2. transport work
  3. mechanical work
22
Q

What is chemical work?

A

pushing of endergonic reactions that would NOT occur spontaneously

23
Q

What is transport work?

A

pumping of substances across a membrane against the direction of spontaneous movement

24
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

cell motility and movement of structures within cells

25
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

the process by which cells regenerate ATP
* ADP forms when a phosphate group is removed from ATP
* ATP forms again when ADP forms a phosphate group

26
Q

What are catalysts?

A

chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions

27
Q

What are enzymes?

A

a type of macromolecule (usually proteins) that serve as biological catalysts within living systems

28
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to start

catalysts lower the EA for reactions –> speeds up reaction rate

29
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the reactant on which an enzyme works

30
Q

What is an active site?

A

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

31
Q

What is an allosteric site?

A

a site that allows molecules to either activate or inhibit (or turn off) enzyme activity

32
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

substances that reduce the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, who structure it imitates

33
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

substances that reduce the activity of an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site separate from the active site

binds its target enzyme regardless of the presence of a bound substrate

34
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A
  • where an enzyme’s activity is inhibited by the enzyme’s end product
  • allows cells to regulate how much of an enzyme’s end product is produced

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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