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BIO 101 > Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

they are inverse relationships; one removes CO2 from the atmosphere while the other puts it back

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2
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

What is the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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4
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

a process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

catabolic pathway of aerobic & anaerobic respiration –> makes ATP

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5
Q

What is fermentation?

A

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an ETC and prodcues either alcohol or lactic acid

a partial degration of sugars without oxygen

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6
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

a catabolic pathway that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an ETC and ultimately produces ATP

most efficient catabolic pathway

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7
Q

What is an electron transport chain? (ETC)

A

a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of reactions that release energy to make ATP

produces most ATP in cellular respiration

found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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8
Q

What is the downhill route electrons travel during cellular respiration?

A

glucose –> NADH –> ETC –> O2

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9
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation & the Krebs cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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10
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

the splitting of a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules

STAGE 1

refer to laundry list for products

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11
Q

What is pyruvate oxidation?

A

pyruvate is oxidized to create acetyal CoA, which is the entry compound for the Krebs cycle

STAGE 2A

refer to laundry list for products

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12
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

AKA Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • oxalocetate combines with acetyl CoA to form citrate
  • stage where all bonds from food are broken down

STAGE 2B

refer to laundry list for products

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13
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

produces an abundant amount of ATP through the phosphorylation of ADP

STAGE 3

refer to laundry list for products

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14
Q

Why is oxygen required in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

in order to receive electrons from protein complexes in the membrane

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15
Q

What is the ultimate end of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

it will turn into water by the stage’s end

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16
Q

How are hydrogen ions (protons) moved into the intermembrane space?

A

as electrons move down the ETC, they pull H+ across the membrane via proton pumps

17
Q

What does the accumulation of H+ do in the ETC?

A

causes protons to flow through ATP synthase in the inner membrane –> ATP production

18
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

an enzyme that uses energy from H+ to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to form ATP

19
Q

What are the pros of anaerobic pathways?

A
  1. occurs at a very fast pace
  2. does not require O2
20
Q

What are the cons of anaerobic pathways?

A
  1. produces very minimal ATP
  2. produces lactic acid or alcohol
21
Q

What is the balanced equation for lactic acid fermentation?

A

C6 H12 O6 –> 2C3 H6 O3

22
Q

What is the balanced equation for alcohol fermentation?

A

C6 H12 O6 –> 2C2 H5 OH + 2CO2

23
Q

Into which stage of cellular respiration can fats and proteins be inserted?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

24
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

when ADP or GDP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP or GTP

25
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the process of diffusion of ions across a selectively permeable membrane

26
Q

What function do NADH and FADH2 serve in cellular respiration?

A

act as high electron carriers used to transport electrons made from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the ETC

27
Q

What is pyruvate?

A
  • the end product of glycolysis, made when a glucose molecule is split
  • converted to acetyl CoA when oxidized before entering the Krebs cycle
28
Q

What are downhill reactions?

A

spontaneous reactions that release energy

29
Q

What are uphill reactions?

A

non-spontaneous reactions that absorb more energy

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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