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BIO 101 > Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

a monk who developed his theory of inheritance using pea plants

published his findings in 1866

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2
Q

What is a character?

A

an observable feature that may vary among individuals

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3
Q

What is a trait?

A

one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character

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4
Q

What is true-breeding?

A

refers to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination

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5
Q

What is hybridization?

A

the mating of 2 true-breeding varieties

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6
Q

What is the P generation?

A

refers to the parental generation

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7
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental cross

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8
Q

What is the F2 generation?

A

the offspring resulting from interbreeding (self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

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9
Q

What is the first component to Mendel’s model?

A

alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

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10
Q

What is the second component to Mendel’s model?

A

for each character, an organism inherits two versions (two alleles) of a gene, one from each parent

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11
Q

What is the third component of Mendel’s model?

A
  • if the 2 alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance
  • the recessive allele has no noticable effect on appearance
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12
Q

What is the fourth component of Mendel’s model?

A

the Law of Segregation states that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation

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13
Q

What are alleles?

A
  • any of the alternative versions of a gene
  • may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
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14
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

alleles that are fully expressed in the phentotype of a heterozygote

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15
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

allelles whose phenotypic effects are not observed in a heterozygote

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16
Q

What is a heterozygote?

A

an organism that has 2 different alleles for a gene

17
Q

What is a homozygote?

A

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene

18
Q

What is genotype?

A

the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

19
Q

What is phenotype?

A

the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism

20
Q

What is a testcross?

A

breeding an organism of unknown genotype w/ a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

21
Q

What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

A

“alleles of 2 or more differetn genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another”

22
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

23
Q

What are testcrosses used for?

A

to identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele

24
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

3 phenotypes exist w/ this condition

25
Q

What is codominance?

A

the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygotes b/c both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

2 alleles exist w/ this condition

26
Q

What are the 4 human blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O

27
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor?

A

type O

ii genotype, anti-A & anti-B antibodies

28
Q

Which blood type is the universal receiver?

A

type AB

I^AI^B genotype, no antibodies

29
Q

What is the genotype for blood type A?

A

I^AI^A or I^Ai

anti-B antibodies

30
Q

What is the genotype for blood type B?

A

I^BI^B or I^Bi

anti-A antibodies

31
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

pleiotypic effect: 1 gene = many traits

32
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

an additive effect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character

polygenic effect: many genes = 1 trait

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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