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Biology Kaplan MCAT > Ch. 8: The Immune System > Flashcards

Ch. 8: The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Divisions of Immune Sys

A

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

Innate immunity or Nonspecific immunity

A

Composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory.

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity or Specific immunity

A

Composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

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4
Q

Bone marrow

A

Immune cells come from the bone marrow

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5
Q

Spleen and Lymph Nodes

A

Sites where immune responses can be mounted, and in which B-cells are activated

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6
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T-cell maturation

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7
Q

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

A

Includes tonsils and adenoids

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8
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, are involved in immune defenses

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9
Q

Skin

A

Acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds like defensins.

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10
Q

Mucus

A

On mucous membranes traps pathogens; in the respiratory system, the mucus is propelled upward by cilia and can be swallowed or expelled

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11
Q

Lysozyme

A

Tears and Saliva contain lysozyme an antibacterial compound

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12
Q

Stomach

A

The stomach produces acid, killing most pathogens; Colonization of the gut helps prevent overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria through competition

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13
Q

Complement system

A

Can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

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14
Q

Interferons

A

Given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells

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15
Q

Macrophages

A

Ingest pathogens and present them on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. They also secrete cytokines

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16
Q

MHC class I (MHC-I)

A

Present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen (proteins from within the cell) to cytotoxic T-cells

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17
Q

MHC class II (MHC-II)

A

Present in professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain activated epithelial cells) and displays exogenous antigen (proteins from outside the cell) to helper T-cells (CD4+ cells)

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18
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells in the skin

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19
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Attack cells presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells

20
Q

Granulocytes

A

Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

21
Q

Neutrophils

A

Ingest bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked w antibodies). They can follow bacteria using chemotaxis

22
Q

Eosinophils

A

Used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections. They release histamine, causing an inflammatory response.

23
Q

Basophils

A

Used in allergic reactions

24
Q

Mast Cells

A

Related to basophils, found in the skin

25
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Centered on antibody production by plasma cells, which are activated B-cells

26
Q

Antibodies

A

Target a particular antigen. Containm 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains. They have a constant region and a variable region; the tip of the variable region is the antigen binding region

27
Q

Hypermutation

A

When activated, the antigen-binding region undergoes hypermutation to improve the specificity of the antibody produced. Cells may be given signals to switch isotypes of antibody (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)

28
Q

Opsonize and Agglutination by Antibodies

A

Circulating antibodies can opsonize pathogens (mark them for destruction), cause agglutination (clumping) into insoluble complexes that are ingested by phagocytes, or neutralize pathogens

29
Q

Cell surface antibodies can

A

Activate immune cells or mediate allergic reactions

30
Q

Memory B-cells

A

Lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response (secondary response)

31
Q

Cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity

A

Centered on the functions of T-cells

32
Q

T-cells undergo maturation in the thymus through

A

Positive selection: only selecting for T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC)
Negative selection: causing apoptosis in self-reactive T-cells

33
Q

Thymosin

A

Promotes T-cell development

34
Q

Helper T-cells

A

Aka Th or CD4+; respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system, secreting lymphokines to activate various arms of immune defense

35
Q

Th1 cells

A

Secrete interferon gamma which activates macrophages

36
Q

Th2 cells

A

Activate B-cells, primarily in parasitic infections

37
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc, CTL, or CD8+)

A

respond to antigen on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells

38
Q

Suppressor (regulatory) T-cells (Treg)

A

tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance

39
Q

Memory T-cells

A

Serve a similar function to memory B-cells

40
Q

Autoimmune conditions

A

A self-antigen is recognized as foreign and the immune sys attacks normal cells

41
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory response

42
Q

Immunization

A

Method of inducing active immunity (activation of B-cells that produce antibodies to an antigen) prior to exposure to a particular pathogen

43
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies to an individual

44
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Circulatory sys that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes

45
Q

Thoracic duct

A

In the posterior chest, connects lymphatic sys to the cardiovascular sys

46
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Lymphatic sys equalizes fluid distribution, transports fats and fat soluble compounds in chylomicrons, and provides sites for mounting immune responses

Biology Kaplan MCAT (12 decks)

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