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Biology Kaplan MCAT > Ch. 11: The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 11: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main types of muscle

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Involved in support and movement, propulsion of blood in the venous sys, and thermoregulation. Appears striated, is under voluntary (somatic) control, is polynucleated, and can be divided into red (slow-twitch) fibers that carry out oxidative phosphorylation and white (fast-twitch) fibers that rely on anaerobic metabolism

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3
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

In the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular and digestive systems. It appears nonstriated, is under involuntary (autonomic) control, and is uninucleated. It can display myogenic activity or contraction without neural input

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Comprises the contractile tissue of the heart. It appears striated, is under involuntary (autonomic) control, and is uninucleated (sometimes binucleated). It can also display myogenic activity. Cells are connected w intercalated discs that contain gap junctions

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5
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic contractile unit of striated muscle. Made of thick myosin and thin actin filaments

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6
Q

Troponin and Tropomyosin

A

Found on the thin filament and regulate actin-myosin interactions

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7
Q

Sarcomere can be divided into

A

Different lines, zones, and bands

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8
Q

Z-lines

A

Boundaries of each sarcomere are defined by Z-lines

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9
Q

M-line

A

Located in the middle of the sarcomere

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10
Q

I-band

A

Contains only thin filaments

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11
Q

H-zone

A

Consists of only thick filaments

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12
Q

A-band

A

Contains the thick filaments in their entirety. It is the only part of the sarcomere that maintains a constant size during contraction

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13
Q

Myofibrils

A

Sarcomeres attached end-to-end

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14
Q

Myocyte

A

Muscle cell or muscle fiber, contains many myofibrils

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15
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Surrounds myofibrils, calcium containing modified endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Surrounds myofibrils the cell membrane of a myocyte

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17
Q

T-tubules

A

A system of T-tubules is connected to the sarcolemma and oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils, allowing the incoming signal to reach all parts of the muscle

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18
Q

Neuromuscular Junction:

A

Muscle contraction begins at the neuromuscular junction, where the motor neuron releases acetylcholine that binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, causing depolarization

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19
Q

Depolarization

A

Spreads down the sarcolemma to the T-tubules, triggering the release of calcium ions

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20
Q

Calcium

A

Binds to troponin, causing a shit in tropomyosin and exposure of the myosin binding sites on the actin thin filament

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21
Q

Sliding filament model

A

Shortening of the sarcomere occurs as myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming cross bridges and pulling the actin filament along the the thick filament, resulting in contraction

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22
Q

Muscle Relaxation

A

Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase, terminating the signal and allowing calcium to be brought back into the SR. ATP binds to the myosin head, allowing it to release from actin

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23
Q

Simple twitch

A

An all or nothing response exhibited by muscle cells

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24
Q

Frequency Summation

A

Addition of multiple simple twitches before the muscle has an opportunity to fully relax

25
Q

Tetanus

A

Simple twitches that occur so frequently as to not let the muscle relax at all can lead to tetanus, a more prolonged and stronger contraction

26
Q

Oxygen Debt:

A

Muscle cells have additional energy reserves to reduce oxygen debt (the diff between the amt of oxygen needed and the amt present) and forestall fatigue

27
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

Can transfer a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP

28
Q

Myoglobin

A

Heme containing protein that is a muscular oxygen reserve

29
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal skeletons (like those in humans)

30
Q

Exoskeletons

A

External skeletons (like those in arthropods)

31
Q

human skeletal system divisions

A

Axial and appendicular skeletons

32
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Consists of structures in the midline such as the skull, vertebral column, ribcage, and hyoid bone

33
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle and the pelvis

34
Q

Bone is derived from

A

Embryonic mesoderm and includes both compact and spongy (cancellous) types

35
Q

Compact Bone

A

Provides strength and is dense

36
Q

Spongy or cancellous bone

A

Has a lattice-like structure consisting of bony spicules known as trabeculae. The cavities are filled w bone marrow

37
Q

Long bones contain

A

Shafts called diaphyses that flare to form metaphyses and that terminated in epiphyses

38
Q

Epiphysis

A

Contain an epiphyseal (growth) plate that causes linear growth of the bone

39
Q

Periosteum

A

Bone is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called periosteum

40
Q

Tendons

A

Bones to muscle

41
Q

Ligaments

A

Bones to bones

42
Q

Bone matrix

A

Has both organic components, like collagen, glycoproteins, and other peptides, and inorganic components, like hydroxyapatite

43
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings that bone is organized into

44
Q

Haversian or Volkmann’s canal

A

Center of the concentric rings

45
Q

Osteon or Haversian system

A

Structural unit of lamellae and Volkmann’s canal

46
Q

Lacunae

A

Between lamellar rings, where osteocyte reside, which are connected with canaliculi to allow for nutrient and waste transfer

47
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Carried out by osteoblasts (build bone) and osteoclasts (resorb bone)

48
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Increases resorption of bone, increasing calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood

49
Q

Vitamin D

A

Also increases resorption of bone, leading to increased turnover and, subsequently, the production of stronger bone

50
Q

Calcitonin

A

Increases bone formation, decreasing calcium concentrations in the blood

51
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, elastic material secreted by chondrocytes. Its matrix is called chondrin. Usually found in areas that require more flexibility or cushioning. Avascular and not innervated

52
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

In fetal life, bone forms from cartilage through endochondral ossification.

53
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Some bones, esp those of the skill, form directly from undifferentiated tissue (mesenchyme)

54
Q

Classification of joints

A

Immovable or movable

55
Q

Immovable joints

A

Fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints

56
Q

Movable joints

A

Usually strengthened by ligaments and contain a synovial capsule

57
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Secreted by the synovium, aids in motion by lubricating the joint

58
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Each bone in the joint is coated with articular cartilage to aid in movement and provide cushioning

59
Q

Antagonistic Pairs

A

Muscles that serve opposite functions come in antagonistic pairs; when one muscle contracts the other lengthens

Biology Kaplan MCAT (12 decks)

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