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Biology Kaplan MCAT > Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Consists of a muscular 4 chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

Heart

A

Composed of cardiac muscle and supports 2 diff circulations– pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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3
Q

Each side of the heart has

A

An atrium and a ventricle

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4
Q

The atria are separated from the ventricles by

A

Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid on the right and bicuspid/mitral on the left

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5
Q

Ventricles are separated from the vasculature by

A

Semilunar valves: pulmonary on the right, mitral on the left

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6
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the heart

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle via tricuspid valve
  • pulmonary artery via pulmonary valve
  • lungs
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle via mitral valve
  • aorta via aortic valve
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
  • venae cavae
  • right atrium
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7
Q

Left side of the heart contains more muscle

A

Than the right side because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure

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8
Q

Electrical Conduction of the Heart

A

Starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node and then goes to the atrioventricular (AV) node. From the AV node, electrical conduction goes to the bundle of His before traveling through the purkinje fibers

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9
Q

Systole

A

Refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed

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10
Q

Diastole

A

The heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed

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11
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Product of heart rate and stroke volume

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12
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Increases the heart rate and contractility

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Decreases the heart rate

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14
Q

Vasculature

A

Consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries

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15
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality. This allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system.

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

Small muscular arteries which control flow into capillary beds

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

Have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel through them in a single-file lines. Capillaries are the sites of gas and solute exchange

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18
Q

Veins

A

Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart. They are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability. Veins are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintain one-way flow

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19
Q

Venules

A

Small veins

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20
Q

Portal System

A

One in which blood passes through 2 capillary beds in series

21
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein

22
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

23
Q

Renal Portal System

A

Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole

24
Q

Blood Composition

A

Cells and plasma, an aqueous mix of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins

25
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells, lack mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin

26
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein that carries oxygen

27
Q

Common measurements

A

Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit– percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

28
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, formed in the bone marrow, crucial part of the immune system

29
Q

Granular Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils play a role in nonspecific immunity

30
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Include lymphocytes and monocytes also play a role in immunity– lymphocytes play a large role in specific immunity

31
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets, cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

32
Q

Blood Antigens

A

Surface antigens A, B, and O as well as Rh factor (D)

33
Q

Blood Alleles

A

I^A (A) and I^B (B) alleles are codominant, while the i (O) allele is recessive. An individual has antibodies for any AB alleles he or she does not have. Positive Rh factor is dominant. An Rh-negative individual will only create anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh positive blood

34
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Refers to force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood. Divided into systolic and diastolic components. BP must be high enough to overcome resistance created by arterioles and capillaries, but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature and surrounding structures

35
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Measures BP

36
Q

BP maintenance

A

Maintained by baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes. Low BP promotes aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) release. High blood osmolarity also promotes ADH release. High BP promotes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release

37
Q

Gas and Solute Exchange

A

Occurs @ the level of the capillaries and relies on the existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across the capillary walls. Capillaries are also leaky, which aids in transport of gases and solutes

38
Q

Starling Forces

A

Consist of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel, while osmotic pressure is the “sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes. Oncotic pressure is osmotic pressure due to proteins. Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed; oncotic pressure draws it back in at the venule end

39
Q

Cooperative Binding

A

Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin which exhibits cooperative binding. In the lungs, there is high partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin. In the tissues, there is a low partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in unloading. With cooperative binding each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits

40
Q

Cooperative Binding

A

Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin which exhibits cooperative binding. In the lungs, there is high partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin. In the tissues, there is a low partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in unloading. With cooperative binding each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits

41
Q

Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

A

CO2 is largely carried in the blood in the form of carbonic acid, or bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. CO2 is nonpolar and not particularly soluble, while bicarbonate, hydrogen ions, and carbonic acid are polar and highly soluble

42
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A

A high PaCO2, High [H=], high temp and high concentration on 2,3-BPG can cause a right shift, reflecting a decreased affinity for oxygen. Opposite to these causes, a left shift can also be seen in fetal hemoglobin compared to adult hemoglobin.

43
Q

______, _____, and _____ are carried in the bloodstream to tissues for use of disposal

A

Nutrients, wastes, and hormones

44
Q

Coagulation

A

Results from an activation cascade

45
Q

Tissue factor

A

When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed.

46
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

Result of damage of endothelial lining of a blood vessel, resulting in the formation of a clot over the damaged area

47
Q

Fibrin

A

Platelets bind to the collagen and are stabilized by fibrin, which is activated by thrombin

48
Q

Plasmin

A

Clots can be broken down by plasmin

Biology Kaplan MCAT (12 decks)

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