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Biology Kaplan MCAT > Ch. 10: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Ch. 10: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Excretory system

A

Serves many functions including regulation of BP, blood osmolarity, acid-base balance, and removal of nitrogenous wastes

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2
Q

Kidney

A

Produces urine, which dumps into the ureter at the renal pelvis. Contains a cortex and a medulla

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3
Q

Bladder

A

Urine is collected here until is is excreted

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4
Q

Urethra

A

Urine is excreted through this organ

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5
Q

Hilum

A

Each kidney has a hilum, which contains a renal artery, renal vein, and ureter

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6
Q

Portal System

A

The kidney contain a portal system with 2 capillary beds in series

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7
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Blood from the renal artery flows into afferent arterioles, which form glomeruli in Bowman’s capsule (the first capillary bed)

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8
Q

Nephron

A

Blood then flows through the efferent arteriole to the vasa recta, which surround the nephron (the second capillary bed), before leaving the kidney through the renal vein

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9
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

Bladder has a muscular lining known as detrusor muscle, under parasympathetic control– also has 2 muscular sphincters:

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10
Q

Internal Urethral Sphincter

A

Consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary (parasympathetic control)

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11
Q

External Urethral Sphincter

A

consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

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12
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of solutes from blood to filtrate and Bowman’s capsule. The direction and rate of filtration is determined by starling forces which account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman’s space

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13
Q

Secretion

A

Movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

Reabsorption

A

Movement of solutes from filtrate to blood

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15
Q

Segments of the Nephron

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and Descending limb of the loop of Henle, diluting segment, Ascending limb of the loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct

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16
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

Site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water. Also the site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea

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17
Q

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Permeable to water but not salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate. The vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions, creating a countercurrent multiplier system that allows maximal reabsorption of water

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18
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Permeable to salt but not water; therefore salt is reabsorber both passively and actively

19
Q

Diluting segment

A

The diluting segment is in the outer medulla; because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate actually becomes hypotonic compared to the blood

20
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

Is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion, like the PCT

21
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body’s needs

22
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sys that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure) but no change in blood osmolarity

23
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

A

A peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Its release is stimulated not only by low blood volume but also by high blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure) and a decreased blood osmolarity

24
Q

Kidney regulation of pH

A

The kidney can regulate pH by selective reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate or hydrogen ions

25
Q

Skin

A

Acts as a barrier, protecting us from the elements and invasion by pathogens. Plays a role in thermoregualtion and prevents dehydration and salt loss from the body

26
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer), dermis, and epidermis

27
Q

Epidermis

A

composed of 5 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

28
Q

Stratum basale

A

Contains stem cells that proliferate to form keratinocytes

29
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocyte nuclei are lost in the stratum granulosum

30
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Many thin layers form here

31
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin

32
Q

Melanin

A

Protects the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation; melanin is passed to keratinocytes

33
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Special macrophages that serve as antigen presenting cells in the skin

34
Q

Dermis

A

Composed of 2 layers: papillary layer and reticular layer

35
Q

Sensory cells in the dermis:

A

Merkel cells, free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles

36
Q

Merkel cells

A

Deep pressure and texture

37
Q

free nerve endings

A

Pain

38
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Light touch

39
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Stretch

40
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Deep pressure and vibration

41
Q

Hypodermis

A

Contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body

42
Q

skin cooling mechanisms

A

Include sweating, which absorbs heat from the body through evaporation of water from sweat, and vasodilation. Sweat glands are innervated postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic neurons

43
Q

skin warming mechanisms

A

Include piloerection, in which arrector pili muscles contract, causing hairs to stand on end (trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin), vasoconstriction, shivering, and insulation provided by fat

Biology Kaplan MCAT (12 decks)

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