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Biology Kaplan MCAT > Ch. 12: Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Ch. 12: Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contain genes in a linear sequence

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2
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene

  • Dominant allele: requires only one copy to be expressed
  • Recessive allele: requires two copies to be expressed
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3
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles one has at a given genetic locus

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two of the same allele

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

Have two diff alleles

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6
Q

Hemizygous

A

Having only one allele (such as male sex chromosomes)

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

observable manifestation of a genotype

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8
Q

Complete dominance

A

Has one dominant allele and one recessive allele

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9
Q

Codominance

A

Has more than one dominant allele

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10
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Has no dominant alleles; heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes

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11
Q

Penetrance

A

The proportion of a population with a given genotype who express the phenotype

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12
Q

Expressivity

A

Varying phenotypic manifestations of a given genotype

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13
Q

Mendel’s laws:

A

Help explain inheritance of genes from parent to offspring

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14
Q

Mendel’s first law

A

Law of segregation: states that an organism has 2 alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes carrying only one allele for a trait

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15
Q

Mendel’s second law

A

Law of independent assortment: states that the inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting a given allele for a diff trait

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16
Q

DNA as genetic material experiments

A

Griffith experiment: demonstrated that transforming principle, converting non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria by exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria
Avery-MacLeod-McCarty: experiment demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material because degradation of DNA led to a cessation of bacterial transformation
Hershey-Chase: experiment confirmed that DNA is the genetic material bc only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage- infected bacteria

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17
Q

Gene pool

A

All of the alleles in a given population

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18
Q

Mutations:

A

changes in DNA sequence

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19
Q

Point mutations

A

Substituting of one nucleotide for another

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20
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Moving the three-letter transcriptional reading frame

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21
Q

Silent mutation

A

has no effect on the protein

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22
Q

Missense mutation

A

Results in the substitution of one amino acid for another

23
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Results in the substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid

24
Q

Insertions and Deletions

A

Result in a shift in the reading frame, leading to changes for all downstream amino acids

25
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Occur when a large segment of DNA is lost

26
Q

Duplication mutation

A

Occur when a segment of DNA is copied multiple times

27
Q

Inversion mutations

A

Occur when a segment of DNA is reversed

28
Q

Insertion mutations

A

Occur when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

29
Q

Translocation mutation

A

Occur when a segment of DNA is swapped w a segment of DNA from another chromosome

30
Q

Genetic leakage

A

Flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring

31
Q

Genetic drift

A

Occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance

32
Q

Founder effect

A

Results from bottlenecks that suddenly isolate a small population, leading to inbreeding and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes

33
Q

Punnett Squares

A

Visually represent the crossing of gametes from parents to show relative genotypic and phenotypic frequencies

34
Q

Parent generation

A

Represented by P

35
Q

Filial generations

A

Offspring, represented by F1, F2, and so on in sequence

36
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Accounts for one gene

37
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Accounts for two genes

38
Q

Sex-linked crosses

A

Sex chromosomes are usually used to indicate sex as well as genotype

39
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

Theta, is the likelihood of two alleles being separated during crossing over in meiosis

40
Q

Genetic maps

A

Can be made using recombination frequency as the scale in centimorgans

41
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

States that if a population meets certain criteria (aimed at lack of evolution), the then the allele frequencies will remain constant (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)

42
Q

Natural Selection

A

States that chance variations exist between individuals and that advantageous variations- those that increase an individual’s fitness for the environment- afford the most opportunity for reproductive success

43
Q

Modern synthesis model (neo-Darwinism)

A

Accounts for mutation and recombination as mechanisms of variation and considers differential reproduction to be the mechanism of reproductive success

44
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Considers an organism’s success to be based on the number of offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others; survival of offspring or relatives ensures continuation of genes in subsequent generations

45
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

Considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity

46
Q

Different types of selection:

A

Lead to changes in phenotypes

47
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

keeps phenotypes in a narrow range, excluding extreme

48
Q

Directional Selection

A

Moves the average phenotype toward one extreme

49
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Moves toward 2 diff phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to speciation

50
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Is the rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche

51
Q

Species

A

The largest group of organisms capable of breeding to form fertile offspring

52
Q

Reproductively isolated

A

Species are reproductively isolated from each other by pre- or postzygotic mechanisms

53
Q

Two species can evolve w different relationship patterns

A
  • Divergent evolution: occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor become more different
  • Parallel evolution: occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor evolve in a similar ways due to analogous selection pressure
  • Convergent evolution: occurs when two species not sharing a recent ancestor evolve to become more similar due to analogous selection pressures
54
Q

Molecular clock model

A

The degree of diff in the genome between two species is related to the amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor

Biology Kaplan MCAT (12 decks)

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