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Anatomy > Ch 8 Test Materials > Flashcards

Ch 8 Test Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Structure and Force Generation

A

Specialized cellular composition: Muscles are made of muscle fibers (cells) containing proteins like actin and myosin. These fibers contract, sliding past each other, generating force and movement.

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2
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attaches to bones, and is responsible for body movement.
Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.
Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, found in the walls of internal organs.

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3
Q

Connective Tissue covering muscles

A

Epimysium: The outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

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4
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Connective tissue consists of cells and extracellular matrix, and it supports, binds, and insulates organs and tissues.

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5
Q

Actin

A

Actin is a thin protein filament involved in muscle contraction. It forms part of the sarcomere in muscle fibers.

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6
Q

Myosin

A

Myosin is a thick protein filament that interacts with actin to produce muscle contraction.

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7
Q

Striations in Skeletal Muscle

A

Striations are caused by the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle fiber, creating alternating light and dark bands.

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8
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

The site where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber, transmitting nerve impulses for contraction.

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9
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses to muscles, causing them to contract.

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10
Q

Neurotransmitter Secretion

A

Neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine) are released from synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal, crossing the synapse to bind with receptors on muscle fibers.

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11
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

A muscle contracts when the motor neuron releases acetylcholine, which triggers the muscle’s action potential and initiates the sliding filament mechanism between actin and myosin.

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12
Q

Cross-Bridge Linkages

A

The connection formed when the myosin head binds to actin, allowing for muscle contraction.

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13
Q

Force Generation in Muscular Contraction

A

The force of contraction comes from the repeated cross-bridge cycling between actin and myosin filaments.

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14
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction.

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15
Q

Muscle Fiber Shortening

A

The interaction between actin and myosin causes the sarcomere to shorten, which in turn shortens the muscle fiber.

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16
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, ending the signal and allowing the muscle to relax.

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17
Q

ATP

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy source for muscle contraction. It provides the energy needed for the cross-bridge cycle and pumps calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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18
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

A molecule that helps regenerate ATP in muscles during short bursts of intense activity.

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19
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The process by which cells produce ATP from nutrients, typically involving glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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20
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

ATP production using oxygen, typically producing more ATP than anaerobic processes.

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21
Q

Myoglobin

A

A protein that binds oxygen in muscle cells, aiding in oxygen storage and delivery during muscle activity.

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22
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

The amount of oxygen required to restore muscle cells to their pre-exercise state (replenishing oxygen stores and removing lactic acid).

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23
Q

Lactic Acid

A

Produced during anaerobic respiration when oxygen is insufficient, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness.

24
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

Caused by prolonged activity, leading to a decrease in muscle’s ability to contract due to factors like depleted energy stores or lactic acid accumulation.

25
Q

Heat Generation

A

Muscle contractions produce heat as a byproduct, helping to maintain body temperature.

26
Q

Threshold Stimulus

A

The minimum stimulus required to trigger a muscle contraction.

27
Q

Muscle Twitch

A

A brief, single contraction in response to a single stimulus.

28
Q

Myogram

A

A graphical recording of muscle activity, showing contraction time and force.

29
Q

EMG (Electromyography)

A

A technique used to measure the electrical activity of muscles.

30
Q

Summation of Twitches

A

The process by which twitches combine to produce a stronger contraction due to increased frequency of stimulation.

31
Q

Partial Tetanic Contraction

A

A muscle contraction that is not fully sustained but has a high frequency of stimuli.

32
Q

Complete Tetanic Contraction

A

A sustained muscle contraction with no relaxation between stimuli, leading to a smooth and continuous contraction.

33
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. The number of fibers in a motor unit varies depending on the precision of the movement.

34
Q

Muscle Recruitment

A

The process of activating more motor units to increase muscle strength during contraction.

35
Q

Muscle Tone

A

The constant, low-level contraction of muscles that helps maintain posture and stabilize joints.

36
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

A muscle contraction in which the muscle changes length (either shortening or lengthening) while generating constant force.

37
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

A muscle contraction where the muscle generates force but does not change length.

38
Q

Similarities in Skeletal and Smooth Muscle Contraction

A

Both rely on actin and myosin filaments for contraction, but smooth muscle does not have striations.

39
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in smooth muscle contraction and the regulation of heart rate.

40
Q

Duration of Contraction: Skeletal vs. Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth muscle can maintain contraction longer due to slower cross-bridge cycling and less energy consumption compared to skeletal muscle.

41
Q

Intercalated Disks

A

Specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells that allow for synchronized contraction.

42
Q

Joint Movement and Skeletal Muscle

A

The type of movement depends on the arrangement of the muscle relative to the joint and the specific muscle action.

43
Q

Origin of a Muscle

A

The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically closer to the body’s core.

44
Q

Insertion of a Muscle

A

The movable attachment point of a muscle, typically located farther from the body’s center.

45
Q

Agonist

A

The primary muscle responsible for a specific movement (e.g., biceps during arm flexion).

46
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that opposes the agonist, helping to control the movement (e.g., triceps during arm flexion).

47
Q

Facial Expression Muscles

A

Muscles like the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and zygomaticus

48
Q

Major Muscles of Mastication

A

Muscles like the masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid

49
Q

Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle

A

Muscles like the trapezius, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior

50
Q

Muscles that Move the Arm

A

Muscles like the deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii

51
Q

Muscles that Move the Hand

A

Flexor and extensor muscles, such as flexor carpi radialis and extensor digitorum

52
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Pelvic Girdle

A

Muscles like the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and diaphragm.

53
Q

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

A

Muscles like the levator ani and coccygeus

54
Q

Muscles that Move the Thigh and Pelvic Girdle

A

Muscles like the gluteus maximus, iliopsoas, and adductors

55
Q

Muscles that Move the Leg

A

Muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings

56
Q

Muscles that Move the Foot

A

Muscles like the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus

Anatomy (6 decks)

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