Ch 5 Test Materials

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit

Question 2

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 2

A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

Question 3

Connective Tissue

Answer 3

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue.

Question 4

Muscle Tissue

Answer 4

composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels.

Question 5

Nervous Tissue

Answer 5

the main tissue of our nervous system. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons.

Question 6

Basement Membrane

Answer 6

a thin, dense layer of extracellular matrix that lines most human tissues forming the supporting structure and scaffolding for epithelial tissue and separates different types of cells, such as nerve cells and muscle cells.

Question 7

Simple Epithelium

Answer 7

a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue. In general, it is found where absorption and filtration occur.

Question 8

Stratified Epithelium

Answer 8

made up of more than one layer of cells

Question 9

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 9

a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. They line the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs. Also, they involve in physiological processes like osmosis and diffusion.

Question 10

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 10

a type of epithelial tissue found in the body. It is a single layer thick and made of cube-shaped cells. This type of tissue is found lining parts of the body such as the kidney tubules and walls of the respiratory bronchioles.

Question 11

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Answer 11

a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. In humans, this lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, and intestines.

Question 12

Pseudo stratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 12

a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified columnar epithelium.

Question 13

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 13

a type of tissue found covering and lining parts of the body. In this tissue, cells are flattened, joined tightly together, and stacked. The major function of this tissue type is protection, as it is found in areas that undergo wear-and-tear.

Question 14

Stratified Cuboidial Epithelium

Answer 14

typically composed of two to three layers of cells, with cuboidal cells forming the apical (surface) layer. It is a relatively uncommon type of epithelium that is primarily found in the larger ducts of exocrine glands, including those of the pancreas, salivary glands, and sweat glands.

Question 15

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 15

a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column-shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. It is found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra. It also occurs in embryo. Stratified columnar epithelium.

Question 16

Transitional Epithelium

Answer 16

made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched. It lines most of your urinary tract and allows your bladder to expand.

Question 17

Glandular Epithelium

Answer 17

A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.

Question 18

Exocrine Glands

Answer 18

A gland that makes substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices, and releases them through a duct or opening to a body surface.

Question 19

Endocrine Glands

Answer 19

An organ that makes hormones that are released directly into the blood and travel to tissues and organs all over the body. These help control many body functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and fertility.

Question 20

Connective Tissue

Answer 20

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. This tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue.

Question 21

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 21

the material in between a eukaryotic organism’s cells. The structure of connective tissues. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various connective tissues. It serves as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue.

Question 22

Fibroblasts

Answer 22

a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous cellular material that supports and connects other tissues or organs in the body. They secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues.

Question 23

Macrophages

Answer 23

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. Enlarge. Blood cells.

Question 24

Mast Cells

Answer 24

A type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines.

Question 25

Collagen

Answer 25

the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues, widely used in purified form for cosmetic surgical treatments.

Question 26

Elastic

Answer 26

able to endure strain without being permanently injured. elastic implies the property of resisting deformation by stretching.

Question 27

Reticular

Answer 27

special type of connective tissue that predominates in various locations that have a high cellular content. It has a branched and mesh-like pattern, often called reticulum, due to the arrangement of reticular fibers (reticulin)

Question 28

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 28

the tissue that contains and attaches to organs. Its extracellular matrix is organized into loose strands and cells that are interwoven together and look like a loose weave.

Question 29

Areolar Tissue

Answer 29

the type of tissue which connects and surrounds different organs in the human body. The important function of this type of tissue is that it provides nutrition to the cells and also acts as a cushion to protect the organs from various external forces.

Question 30

Adipose Tissue

Answer 30

a connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipocytes are energy storing cells that contain large globules of fat known as lipid droplets surrounded by a structural network of fibers.

Question 31

Reticular Connective Tissue

Answer 31

a form of loose connective tissue wherein reticular fibres are the most predominant fibrous constituent, serves as the supporting structure of the bone marrow, liver and lymphoid organs

Question 32

Dense Connective Tissue

Answer 32

A type of tissue that is mostly made up of tough protein fibers called collagen and cells called fibroblasts. This tissue supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place.

Question 33

Specialized Connective Tissue

Answer 33

includes a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substances that result in wide-ranging properties. This tissues include adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymphatic tissues. These tissues contribute to diverse functions.

Question 34

Extracellular Matrix of Bone

Answer 34

over 90% type I collagen. This collagen is extremely dense and heavily cross linked. Cross linking occurs at lysine or hydroxylysine residues and involves several enzymes. Cross linking is important to bone strength and is compromised in bone diseases including osteoporosis (82).

Question 35

Blood Composition

Answer 35

The straw-colored fluid that forms the top layer is called plasma and forms about 60% of blood. The middle white layer is composed of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets, and the bottom red layer is the red blood cells (RBCs). These bottom two layers of cells form about 40% of the blood.

Question 36

Membrane Composition

Answer 36

50% lipid and 50% protein by weight, with the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins constituting 5 to 10% of the membrane mass.

Question 37

Serous Membrane Definition

Answer 37

The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach. a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (simple squamous epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid.

Question 38

Mucous Membrane Compositions

Answer 38

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities. Make mucus. an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.

Question 39

Cutaneous Membrane Composition

Answer 39

covers the entire outermost surface of the body. It is the only “dry” membrane encountered in the body and an important role is the prevention of water loss from the body. It is also a physical barrier and protective to deeper tissues. the epidermis, which is the outer layer composed of the epithelial tissues, and the dermis, which is the inner layer composed of two types of connective tissues.

Question 40

Synovial Membrane Composition

Answer 40

The synovial membrane is a thin vascular lining covering the inner surface of the articular capsule and intra-articular ligaments and tendons. It is usually composed of two layers: a thin internal surface layer two to three cells deep; and a deeper subintimal, loose or fibrous connective tissue layer.

Question 41

Type of Muscle Tissues

Answer 41

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

Question 42

Skeletal Muscle Structure/Function

Answer 42

Each muscle of this type consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a muscle of this type are known as fasciculi. The outermost connective tissue sheath surrounding the entire muscle is known as epimysium. contract to produce movement, sustain body posture and position, maintain body temperature, store nutrients, and stabilize joints

Question 43

Smooth Muscle Structure/Function

Answer 43

At a cellular level, this muscle type can be described as an involuntary, non-striated muscle. The muscle type consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres giving it a non-striated pattern. On microscopic examination, it will appear homogenous.

Question 44

Cardiac Muscle Structure/Function

Answer 44

This muscle type is made up of sarcomeres that allow for contractility. This muscle type is under involuntary control. This muscle type is responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore, the pumping action.

Question 45

Nervous Tissue Locations

Answer 45

the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls body functions and activity

Question 46

Neuron Definition

Answer 46

A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called nerve cell.

Question 47

Neuron Structure/Function

Answer 47

dendrites, cell body and axon. The neuron structure is specially adapted to carry messages over large distances in the body quickly in the form of electrical signals.

Question 48

Neuroglia Structure/Function

Answer 48

a large class of neural cells of ectodermal (astroglia, oligodendroglia, and peripheral glial cells) and mesodermal (microglia) origin. It provides homeostatic support, protection, and defense to the nervous tissue.

Question 49

Synovial Membrane

Answer 49

A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae (fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bones). The synovial membrane makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.

Question 50

Overview of HPV16 and the types of tissues it affects

Answer 50

A type of HPV that is transmitted sexually and causes cancers of the cervix, anus, oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, behind the mouth), vagina, vulva, and penis.

Question 51

Acne/Sebum Relationship and what sebaceous glands release Sebum.

Answer 51

Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and oil glands (sebaceous glands). The oil glands secrete oils (sebum) to keep the skin moist. When the glands get clogged, it can lead to pimples and cysts. Acne is very common.

Question 52

Research Intercalated Discs and protein dysfunction.

Answer 52

In cardiac muscles of the heart, connections between neighboring cells are formed by the intercalated discs. To enable the heartbeat, the intercalated disc is highly specialized and allows for coordinated function of the heart cells.