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Anatomy > Ch 3 Test Materials > Flashcards

Ch 3 Test Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Cells

A

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body

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2
Q

Variation of Cells

A

Cells with different functions generally have different shapes that suit them for their particular job

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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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4
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

the ability of the cell membrane to control the flow of substances in and out of the cell

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5
Q

Cell Membrane Composition

A

lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrate groups

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6
Q

Cell Membrane Framework

A

a lipoprotein bilayer

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7
Q

Cell Membrane Protein Function

A

ionic and molecular transport, electron transport, signal transduction, enzymatic reactions and intercellular communication

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage

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9
Q

Organelles

A

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

a micro-machine for making proteins. Ribosomes are composed of special proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

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12
Q

Vesicles

A

move molecules, secrete substances, digest materials, or regulate the pressure in the cell

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself

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16
Q

Peroxisomes

A

carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. They generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for oxidative purposes—destroying the excess by means of the catalase they contain

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17
Q

Microfilaments

A

assist with cell movement and are made of a protein called actin. Actin works with another protein called myosin to produce muscle movements, cell division, and cytoplasmic streaming. Microfilaments keep organelles in place within the cell

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18
Q

Microtubules

A

help support the shape of a cell. They also help chromosomes move during cell division and help small structures called cell organelles to move inside the cell

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19
Q

Cilia

A

to move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia

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20
Q

Flagella

A

to assist the cell in movement. This function allows the cell to swim from one location to a more desirable one by rotating a rigid filament emerging from the cell. This movement is similar to the movement of a propeller in a boat

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21
Q

Cell Nucleus

A

storing the cell’s hereditary material or the DNA

22
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus

23
Q

Chromatin

A

to package DNA into a unit capable of fitting within the tight space of a nucleus

24
Q

Passive Transport

A

the diffusion of molecules with the concentration gradient, that is, from high to low concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells

25
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient

26
Q

Facilitate Diffusion

A

the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration assisted by a carrier

27
Q

Osomosis

A

the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane

28
Q

Isotonic

A

a solution that contains the same concentration of water and solutes

29
Q

Hypertonic

A

A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration

30
Q

Hypotonic

A

A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration

31
Q

Filtration

A

passive process of moving material through a cell membrane

32
Q

Active Mechanisms

A

work against electrochemical gradients. Small substances constantly pass through plasma membranes

33
Q

Active Transport

A

maintains concentrations of ions and other substances needed by living cells in the face of these passive movements

34
Q

Endocytosis

A

the ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles

35
Q

Exocytosos

A

a process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell exterior

36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

an active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles

37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles

38
Q

Interphase

A

the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life

39
Q

Cell Division

A

mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis

40
Q

Meiosis

A

the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.

41
Q

Mitosis

A

the process of making new body cells

42
Q

Prophase

A

the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

43
Q

Metaphase

A

a stage during the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). Normally, individual chromosomes are spread out in the cell nucleus. During metaphase, the nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

44
Q

Anaphase

A

fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

45
Q

Telophase

A

the fifth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Telophase begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides, or poles, of the cell

46
Q

Differentiation

A

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function

47
Q

Stem Cells

A

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body

48
Q

Apoptosis

A

A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells

49
Q

If a cell has many mitochondria with very well developed ER and Golgi, what can you infer about its major function?

A

initial storage and subsequent packaging of metabolites many of which are exported

50
Q

During an autopsy, how many a coroner tell if a person drowned in freshwater or saltwater?

A

Autopsies of drowned individuals commonly reveal findings supportive of, but not specific for, drowning. The lungs are typically over-expanded and edematous, and foamy fluid may be in the airways. A “foam cone” may protrude from the nostrils and/or mouth

51
Q

What motile extensions of the cell surfaces are most negatively affected by smoking?

A

Cilia

Anatomy (5 decks)

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