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science > Ch 8 Structures and Processes of Life: Humans > Flashcards

Ch 8 Structures and Processes of Life: Humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is specialisation

A

the adaptation of a cell, tissue, organ or system to carry out a special job

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2
Q

what is division

A

separate jobs carried out by different parts of an organism

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3
Q

what are the two types of digestion

A
  1. physical digestion

2. chemical digestion

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4
Q

what are the rice stages of human nutrition

A
  1. Ingestion - food is taken in the mouth
  2. Digestion - food is broke. down into molecules
  3. Absorption - molecules are passed into blood and carried to cells of the body
  4. Assimilation - food is used for energy and to build cells
  5. Egestion- undigested food is released
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5
Q

what are the four types of teeth and their purposes

A

incisors- cutting and slicing
canines- grasping and tearing
premolars- crushing and grinding
molars- crushing and grinding

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6
Q

what is the chemical that digests starch to maltose in the mouth

A

amylase

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7
Q

what does the stomach do

A
  • temporarily stores food
  • releases digestive juices
  • hydrochloride acid kills bacteria
  • physically churns
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8
Q

what does the small intestine do

A
  • complete breakdown of food
  • covered in hairs called villi which provide an increased surface area to allow food to be absorbed into the bloodstream
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9
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

produces digestive enzymes that slide into the small intestine

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10
Q

what does the liver do

A
  • detoxification of alcohol
  • regulates body temperature
  • produces bile to help digest fats
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11
Q

what does the large intestine do

A
  • reabsorbs water into the blood
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12
Q

what does the rectum and the anus do

A
  • temporarily stored faeces

- releases faeces

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13
Q

what are the three roles of the circulatory system

A
  1. transport 2. defense against disease 3. homeostasis
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14
Q

what is plasma and what does it do

A

plasma is the liquid part of blood. It transports dissolved substances around the body, carried heat around the body and blood cells

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15
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

red blood cells transport oxygen to cells. it contains a red pigment called haemoglobin

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16
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

protect us from disease

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17
Q

what are platelets

A

tiny fragments of larger cells that help the blood to clot

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18
Q

what are the types of blood vessels

A

arteries - carry blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood to heart
capillaries- the blood vessels link arteries and veins

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19
Q

how does the heart pump blood

A

blood with little O2 and lots of CO2 enters the right atrium through the venue cavae.

then the blood is pumped from the right atrium through the cuspid valve and into the right ventricle.

the right ventricle pushes the blood out through the semilunar valve and it leaves through the pulmonary artery

the pulmonary artery then delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs where the oxygen is taken into the blood and the carbon dioxide is lost.

the pulmonary vein brings the oxgygenated blood into the left atrium which is then pumped through the cuspid valve and into the left ventricle. the blood is pushed through the semilunar valve and leaves through the aorta and is distributed to all the cells of the body.

the molecules in the blood exchange at the capillaries. the capillaries unite to form veins which collect into venae cavae that return to the right atrium

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20
Q

what is the pulse

A

a wave of vibration that passes through an artery in response to blood being forced out of the left ventricle

21
Q

what is the purpose of the mouth and nose

A

air enters through here

- mucus in nose remove dust and microorganisms

22
Q

what is the pharynx

A

the throat

23
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voice box

24
Q

what does the trachea do

A

it allows the air to flow from the pharynx to the bronchus

25
Q

what does the bronchus do

A

it divided into two bronchi, one for each lung

26
Q

what do the lungs do

A

they expand during inhalation and contract back to normal size during exhalation

27
Q

what are bronchioles

A

the bronchus divided into narrower tubes in the lung

28
Q

what is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

they protect the heart and lungs during inhalation and exhalation

29
Q

what are alveoli

A

tiny air sacs that are in close contact with blood in capillaries

30
Q

how do the alveoli work

A

the oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries and the gas is exchanged so carbon dioxide goes into the alveoli from the capillaries

31
Q

what is inhalation and exhalation

A

inhalation- the act of breathing in

exhalation- the act of breathing out

32
Q

name three respiratory diseases

A

lung cancer, asthma and bronchitis

33
Q

what is puberty

A

the time when the reproductive organs develop and other physical changes take place

34
Q

what is ovulation

A

the release of an egg from the ovaries every 28 days

35
Q

what does the fallopian tube do

A

it captures the egg. this is where fertilization of the egg by the sperm takes place

36
Q

what is the cervix

A

the narrow entrance to the uterus.

37
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

the repeating series of changes that take place in the female body to prepare it for pregnancy

38
Q

what is menopause

A

menopause signals the end of a females ability to reproduce and also the end of her menstruated cycle

39
Q

what is the epididymus

A

a coiled tube on the outside of each testis that stored sperm and allows them to mature fully

40
Q

what does the vas deferens do

A

the tube transfers the sperm to the urethra

41
Q

what is fertilization

A

the fusion of the make sperm and the female egg to form a zygote

42
Q

what is an embryo

A

the zygote divided to produce a ball of identical cells

43
Q

what is implantation

A

the embryo reaches the uterus and is embedded into the capillary lined wall of the uterus

44
Q

what is the placenta

A

the placenta is a temporary organ that allows materials to pass between the mother and the foetus

45
Q

what fluid is the embryo surrounded by

A

amniotic fluid

46
Q

what are the three stages of birth

A

labor, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta

47
Q

what is lactation

A

the production of breast milk

48
Q

what is contraception

A

the prevention of ovulation, fertilization or implantation e.g. condom, contraceptive pill, vasectomy and tubal ligation

science (23 decks)

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