Ch 8 Structures and Processes of Life: Humans Flashcards
what is specialisation
the adaptation of a cell, tissue, organ or system to carry out a special job
what is division
separate jobs carried out by different parts of an organism
what are the two types of digestion
- physical digestion
2. chemical digestion
what are the rice stages of human nutrition
- Ingestion - food is taken in the mouth
- Digestion - food is broke. down into molecules
- Absorption - molecules are passed into blood and carried to cells of the body
- Assimilation - food is used for energy and to build cells
- Egestion- undigested food is released
what are the four types of teeth and their purposes
incisors- cutting and slicing
canines- grasping and tearing
premolars- crushing and grinding
molars- crushing and grinding
what is the chemical that digests starch to maltose in the mouth
amylase
what does the stomach do
- temporarily stores food
- releases digestive juices
- hydrochloride acid kills bacteria
- physically churns
what does the small intestine do
- complete breakdown of food
- covered in hairs called villi which provide an increased surface area to allow food to be absorbed into the bloodstream
what does the pancreas do
produces digestive enzymes that slide into the small intestine
what does the liver do
- detoxification of alcohol
- regulates body temperature
- produces bile to help digest fats
what does the large intestine do
- reabsorbs water into the blood
what does the rectum and the anus do
- temporarily stored faeces
- releases faeces
what are the three roles of the circulatory system
- transport 2. defense against disease 3. homeostasis
what is plasma and what does it do
plasma is the liquid part of blood. It transports dissolved substances around the body, carried heat around the body and blood cells
what do red blood cells do
red blood cells transport oxygen to cells. it contains a red pigment called haemoglobin
what do white blood cells do
protect us from disease
what are platelets
tiny fragments of larger cells that help the blood to clot
what are the types of blood vessels
arteries - carry blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood to heart
capillaries- the blood vessels link arteries and veins
how does the heart pump blood
blood with little O2 and lots of CO2 enters the right atrium through the venue cavae.
then the blood is pumped from the right atrium through the cuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
the right ventricle pushes the blood out through the semilunar valve and it leaves through the pulmonary artery
the pulmonary artery then delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs where the oxygen is taken into the blood and the carbon dioxide is lost.
the pulmonary vein brings the oxgygenated blood into the left atrium which is then pumped through the cuspid valve and into the left ventricle. the blood is pushed through the semilunar valve and leaves through the aorta and is distributed to all the cells of the body.
the molecules in the blood exchange at the capillaries. the capillaries unite to form veins which collect into venae cavae that return to the right atrium
what is the pulse
a wave of vibration that passes through an artery in response to blood being forced out of the left ventricle
what is the purpose of the mouth and nose
air enters through here
- mucus in nose remove dust and microorganisms
what is the pharynx
the throat
what is the larynx
the voice box
what does the trachea do
it allows the air to flow from the pharynx to the bronchus
what does the bronchus do
it divided into two bronchi, one for each lung
what do the lungs do
they expand during inhalation and contract back to normal size during exhalation
what are bronchioles
the bronchus divided into narrower tubes in the lung
what is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
they protect the heart and lungs during inhalation and exhalation
what are alveoli
tiny air sacs that are in close contact with blood in capillaries
how do the alveoli work
the oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries and the gas is exchanged so carbon dioxide goes into the alveoli from the capillaries
what is inhalation and exhalation
inhalation- the act of breathing in
exhalation- the act of breathing out
name three respiratory diseases
lung cancer, asthma and bronchitis
what is puberty
the time when the reproductive organs develop and other physical changes take place
what is ovulation
the release of an egg from the ovaries every 28 days
what does the fallopian tube do
it captures the egg. this is where fertilization of the egg by the sperm takes place
what is the cervix
the narrow entrance to the uterus.
what is the menstrual cycle
the repeating series of changes that take place in the female body to prepare it for pregnancy
what is menopause
menopause signals the end of a females ability to reproduce and also the end of her menstruated cycle
what is the epididymus
a coiled tube on the outside of each testis that stored sperm and allows them to mature fully
what does the vas deferens do
the tube transfers the sperm to the urethra
what is fertilization
the fusion of the make sperm and the female egg to form a zygote
what is an embryo
the zygote divided to produce a ball of identical cells
what is implantation
the embryo reaches the uterus and is embedded into the capillary lined wall of the uterus
what is the placenta
the placenta is a temporary organ that allows materials to pass between the mother and the foetus
what fluid is the embryo surrounded by
amniotic fluid
what are the three stages of birth
labor, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta
what is lactation
the production of breast milk
what is contraception
the prevention of ovulation, fertilization or implantation e.g. condom, contraceptive pill, vasectomy and tubal ligation
