Ch. 8: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Puberty

Answer 1

Collection of physical that marks the onset of adolescence including growth spurt, and development of breasts or testes

Question 2

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 2

physical signs of maturity that are directly linked to the reproductive organs

Question 3

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 3

Physical signs of maturity that are not directly linked to the sex organs (growth of breasts in girls, facial hair in boys, etc.)

Question 4

Menarche

Answer 4

onset of menstruation

Question 5

Spermarche

Answer 5

first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm

Question 6

Body Mass Index

Answer 6

Adjusted ratio of weight to height; used to define “overweight.” Adolescents who are in the upper 5% for their height are defined as overweight. Weight/Height Squared

Question 7

Kohlberg’s Theory

Answer 7

People go through distinct stages in the development of their moral reasoning. Example of Schlinder’s List. There are three stages, each with two substages. Three stages: Preconventional (external forces), Conventional (societal norms), and Postconventional (personal moral code).

Question 8

Preconventional Level of Kohlberg’s Theory (with Obedience and Instrumental Orientations)

Answer 8

Moral reasoning is based on external forces, i.e. punishment and reward. Stage 1: Obedience Orientation (believing that authority figures know what is right and wrong). Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation (people look out for their own needs, believing that nice behavior is an exchange for future favors)

Question 9

Conventional Level of Kohlberg’s Theory (with interpersonal norms and social system morality)

Answer 9

Moral reasoning based on society’s norms and moral behavior is determined by other’s expectations of you. Stage 3: Interpersonal Norms (winning the approval of others). Stage 4: Social System Morality (follow rules to maintain order in society)

Question 10

Postconventional Level of Kohlberg’s Theory (with social contract and universal ethical principles)

Answer 10

Moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code. Stage 5: Social Contract (adhere to a common set of expectations and laws so long as they validly promote the welfare of individuals). Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles (abstract moral principles that apply to all, i.e. justice, compassion, equality