Ch 8 Pathology Flashcards
dentistry
branch of healthcare involved with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions involving the teeth, jaw, and mouth. Practitioner is a dentist
gastroenterology
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the digestive system. physician is a gastroenterologist
oral surgery
branch of dentistry that uses surgical means to tx dental conditions. specialist is an oral surgeon
orthodontics
branch of dentistry concerned with correction of problems with tooth alignment. specialist is an orthodontist
peridontics
branch of dentistry concerned with treating conditions involving the gums and tissues surrounding the teeth. specialist is a periodontist
proctology
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the anus and rectum. physician is a proctologist
anorexia
general term meaning loss of appetite that may accompany other conditions. also used to refer to anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder involving the refusal to eat
aphagia
being unable to eat or swallow
ascites
collection of accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
bradypepsia
having a slow digestive system
cachexia
loss of weight and generalized wasting occurs during a chronic disease
cholecystalgia
cholecyst/o=gallbladder
having gallbladder pain
constipation
experiencing difficulty in defecation or infrequent defecation
dentalgia
tooth pain
diarrhea
passing of frequent, watery, or bloody bowel movements. usually accompanies gastrointestinal disorders
dysorexia
abnormal appetite; usually a diminished appetite
dyspepsia
“upset stomach”; indigestion
dysphagia
having difficulty swallowing or eating
emesis
vomiting
gastralgia
stomach pain
hematemesis
vomiting blood
hematochezia
passing bright red blood in the stools
hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
jaundice
yellow cast to the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by the deposit of bile pigment from too much bilirubin in the blood. bilirubin is a waste product produced when worn-out RBC are broken down. may be a symptom of a disorder such as gallstones blocking the common bile duct or carcinoma of the liver. aka icterus
melena
passage of dark tarry stools. color is the result of digestive enzymes working on blood in the gastrointestinal tract
nausea
urge to vomit
obesity
body weight that is above a healthy level. a person whose weight interferes with normal activity and body function has morbid obesity
polyphagia
excessive eating; eating too much
postprandial
after a meal
pyrosis
pain and burning sensation usually caused by stomach acid splashing up into the esophagus. aka heartburn
regurgitation
return of fluids and solids from the stomach into the mouth
aphthous ulcers
painful ulcers in the mouth of unknown cause. aka canker sores
cleft lip
congenital anomaly in which the upper lip and jaw bone fail to fuse in the midline, leaving an open gap. Often seen along with a cleft palate. corrected with surgery
cleft palate
congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure. corrected with surgery
dental caries
gradual decay and disintegration of teeth caused by bacteria; may lead to abscessed teeth. aka tooth cavity
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
herpes labialis
infection of the lip by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). aka fever blister or cold sores
periodontal disease
disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bones; the most common cause of tooth loss
sialadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus. if these rupture, serious hemorrhage results; often related to liver disease
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain
pharyngoplegia
paralysis of the throat muscles
gastric carcinoma
cancerous tumor in the stomach
gastritis
stomach inflammation
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach and small intestine
hiatal hernia
protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm and extending into the thoracic cavity; gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common symptom
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
ulcer occuring in the lower portion of the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; thought to be caused by the acid of gastric juices. initial damage to the protective lining of the stomach may be caused by bacterial infection. if the ulcer extends all through the wall of stomach (perforated ulcer) will require immediate surgery to repair
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passage from the surface around the anal opening directly into the rectum
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix; may require an appendectomy
bowel incontinence
inability to control defecation
Crohn’s disease
form of chronic inflammation bowel disease affecting primarily the ileum and/or colon. aka regional ileitis. this auto immune condition affects all layers of the bowel wall and results in scarring and thickening of the gut wall
diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum (an outpouching off the gut) in the colon. inflammation often results when food becomes within the pouch
diverticulosis
condition of having diverticula (outpouches off the gut) may lead to diverticulitis if one becomes inflamed
dysentery
disease characterized by diarrhea, often with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration. caused by ingesting food or water contaminated by chemicals, bacteria, protozoans, or parasites
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestines
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in the rectum and anus
ileus
severe abdominal pain, inability to pass stools, vomiting, and abdominal distension as a result of an intestinal blockage. the blockage can be a physical block such as a tumor or the failure of bowel contents to move forward due to loss of peristalsis. may require surgery to reverse the blockage
inguinal hernia
hernia or protrusion of a loop of small intestines into the inguinal (groin) region through a weak spot in the abdominal muscle wall that develops a hole. may become incarcerated or strangulated if the muscles tightens down around the loop of intestines and cuts off its blood flow
intussusception
result of the intestine slipping or telescoping into another section of intestine just below it. more common in children
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
disturbance in the functions of the intestine from unknown causes. symptoms generally include abdominal discomfort and an alteration in bowel activity. aka spastic colon or functional bowel syndrome
polyposis
presence of small tumors (polyps) containing a pedicle or stemlike attachment in the mucus membranes of the large intestine (colon); may be precancerous
proctoptosis
prolasped or dropping rectum
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory condition resulting in numerous ulcers formed on the mucous membrane lining of the colon; the cause is unknown. aka inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
volvulus
condition in which the bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction; painful and requires immediate surgery
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct that block the flow of bile
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms such as cholecystalgia
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver associated with failure of the liver to function properly
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver, usually due to a viral infection. different viruses are transmitted by different routes, sexual contact or from exposure to blood or fecally contaminated food or water
hepatoma
liver tumor
pancreatisis
inflammation of the pancreas
