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Medterm > Ch 7 Pathology > Flashcards

Ch 7 Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

internal medicine

A

branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as the respiratory system. the physician is an internist

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2
Q

otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

A

branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the ear, nose, and throat region. the physician is an otorhinolaryngologist. this medical specialty may also be referred to as otolaryngology

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3
Q

pulmonology

A

branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the respiratory sytem. physician is a pulmonologist.

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4
Q

respiratory therapy

A

allied health specialty that assists patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders. Duties of a respiratory therapist include conducting pulmonary function tests, monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, administering breathing treatments, and ventilator management

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5
Q

thoracic surgery

A

branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the respiratory system by surgical means. physician is a thoracic surgeon

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6
Q

anosmia

A

lack of the sense of smell

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7
Q

anoxia

A

condition of receiving almost no oxygen from inhaled air

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8
Q

aphonia

A

condition of being unable to produce sounds

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9
Q

apnea

A

not breathing

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10
Q

asphyxia

A

lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; also called asphyxiation or suffocation. common cause include drowning, foreign body in the respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock

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11
Q

bradypnea

A

breathing too slow; a low respiratory rate

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12
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilated bronchus

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13
Q

bronchospasm

A

involuntary muscle spasm of the smooth muscle in the wall of the bronchus

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14
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

abnormal breathing pattern in which there are long periods (10-60 seconds) of apnea followed by deeper, more rapid breathing. named for John Cheyne, a Scottish physician, and Sir William Stokes, an Irish surgeon.

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15
Q

clubbing

A

abnormal widening and thickening of the ends of the fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency. seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions or circulatory problems

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16
Q

crackles

A

Abnormal sound made during inspiration. usually indicates the presence of fluid or mucus in the small airways. also called rales

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17
Q

cyanosis

A

refers to the bluish tint of skin that is receiving an insufficient amount of oxygen or circulation

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18
Q

dysphonia

A

condition of having difficulty producing sounds or producing abnormal sounds

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19
Q

dyspnea

A

term describing difficult or labored breathing

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20
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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21
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing and respiratory rate

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22
Q

hemoptysis

A

to cough up blood or blood-stained sputum

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23
Q

hemothorax

A

presence of blood in the chest cavity

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24
Q

hypercapnia

A

condition of having excessive carbon dioxide in the body

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25
Q

hyperpnea

A

taking deep breaths

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26
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathing both too fast (tachypnea) and too deep (hyperpnea)

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27
Q

hypocapnia

A

-capnia = carbon dioxide
an insufficient level of carbon dioxide in the body; a very serious problem because it is the presence of carbon dioxide that stimulates respiration, not the absence of oxygen. therefore, a person with low carbon dioxide levels would respond with an increased respiratory rate

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28
Q

hypernea

A

-pnea = breathing

taking deep breaths

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29
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathing both too fast (tachypnea) and too deep (hyperpnea)

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30
Q

hypoxemia

A

ox/o= oxygen -emai=blood condition

condition of having an insufficient amount of oxygen in the bloodstream

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31
Q

hypoixa

A

condition of receiving an insufficient amount of oxygen from inhaled air

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32
Q

laryngoplegia

A

-plegia = paralysis

paralysis of the muscles controlling they larynx

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33
Q

orthopnea

A

term describing dyspnea that is worsened by lying flat. the patient feels able to breath easier while sitting straight up; a common occurrence in those with pulmonary disease

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34
Q

pansinusitis

A

inflammation of all the paranasal sinuses

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35
Q

patent

A

open or unblocked, such as a patent airway

36
Q

phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by the membranes lining the respiratory tract. when phlegm is coughed through the mouth, it is called sputum. Phlegm is examined for color, odor, and consistency and tested for the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi

37
Q

pleural rub

A

grating sound made when the two layers of the pleura rub together during respiration. it is caused when one of the surfaces becomes thicker as a result of inflammation or other disease conditions. this rub can be felt through the fingertips when placed on the chest wall or heard through a stethoscope

38
Q

pleurodynia

A

pleural pain

39
Q

pyothorax

A

pyo=pus

presence of pus in the chest cavity; indicates a bacterial infection

40
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nasal cavity

41
Q

rhinorrhagia

A

rapid flow of blood from the nose

42
Q

rhinorrhea

A

discharge from the nose; commonly called a runny nose

43
Q

rhonchi

A

somewhat musical sound during expexpiration, often found in asthma or infection. caused by spasms of the bronchial tubes. also called wheezing

44
Q

shortness of breath (SOB)

A

term used to indicate that a patient is having some difficulty breathing; also called dyspnea. the causes can range from mild SOB after exercise to SOB associated with heart disease

45
Q

sputum

A

mucus or phlegm coughed up from the lining of the respiratory tract

46
Q

stridor

A

harsh, high-pitched, noisy breathing sound when there is an obstruction of the bronchus or larynx. found in conditions such as croup in children

47
Q

tachypnea

A

breathing fast; a high respiratory rate

48
Q

thoracalgia

A

chest pain. not referring to angina pectoris

49
Q

tracheostenosis

A

narrowing of the trachea

50
Q

croup

A

acute respiratory condition found in infants and children characterized by a barking type of cough or stridor

51
Q

diphtheria

A

bacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by the formation of a thick membranous film across the throat and a high morality rate. rare now due to the DPT vaccine

52
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

53
Q

nasopharyngitis

A

inflammation of the nasal cavity and pharynx; commonly called the common cold

54
Q

pertussis

A

commonly called whooping cough, due to the whoop sound made when coughing. an infectious bacterial disease of the upper respiratory system that children receive

55
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx; commonly called a sore throat

56
Q

rhinomycosis

A

fungal infection of the nasal cavity

57
Q

asthma

A

disease caused by various conditions, like allergens, and resulting in constriction of the bronchial airways, dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing. can cause violent spasms of the bronchi (bronchospasms) but is generally not a life-threatening condition. Medication can be very effective

58
Q

bronchiectasis

A

abnormal enlargement of bronchi; may be the result of a lung infection. this condition can be irreversible and result in destruction of the bronchial walls. major symptoms include coughing up a large amount of purulent sputum, crackles, and hemoptysis

59
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchus

60
Q

bronchogenic carinoma

A

malignant tumor originating in the bronchi. usually associated with a history of cigarette smoking

61
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoexmia. may follow trauma, pneumonia, or septic infections. also called acute respiratory distress syndrome

62
Q

anthracosis

A

type of pneumoconiosis that develops from the collection of coal dust in the lung. also called black lung or miner’s lung

63
Q

asbestosis

A

type of pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of asbestos fibers in the lungs. may lead to the development of lung cancer

64
Q

atelectasis

A

condition in which the alveoli in a portion of the lung collapse, preventing the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. can be caused by a variety of conditions, including pressure on the lung from a tumor or other object. term also used to describe the failure of a newborn’s lung to expand

65
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

A

preogressive, chronic, and usually irreversible groups of conditions, like emphysema, in which the lungs have a diminished capacity for inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). the person may have dyspnea upon exertion and a cough

66
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

hereditary condition causing the exocrine glands to malfunction. the patient produces very thick mucus that causes severe congestion within the lungs and digestive system. through more advanced treatment, many children are now living into adulthood with this disease. the term cystic in cystic fibrosis refers to the cyst that form in the pancreas

67
Q

emphysema

A

pulmonary condition characterized by the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, resulting in fewer overexpanded air sacs. can occur as a result of long-term heavy smoking. air pollution also worsens this disease. the patient may not be able to breathe except in a sitting or standing position

68
Q

histoplasmosis

A

pulmonary infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, found in the dust and in the droppings of pigeons and chickens. the translation of the name of this condition reflects the microscopic appearance of the fungus

69
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

lung condition most commonly found in premature infants that is characterized by tachypnea and respiratory grunting. The condition is caused by a lack of surfactant necessary to keep the lungs inflated. aka HMD and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

70
Q

influenza

A

viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue

71
Q

legionnaire’s disease

A

severe, often fatal bacterial infection characterized by pneumonia and liver and kidney damage. Named after people who came down with it at an American Legion convention in 1976

72
Q

mycoplama pneumonia

A

less severe but longer lasting form of pneumonia caused by the mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria. aka walking pneumonia. the translation of the name of this condition reflects the microscopic appearance of the bacteria

73
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

coni/o=dust
condition that is the result of inhaling environmental particles that become toxic. can be the result of inhaling coal dust or asbestos

74
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

A

pneumonia with a nonproductive cough, very little fever, and dyspnea caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. an opportunistic infection often seen in those with weakend immune systems, such as AIDS patients

75
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammatory condition of the lung that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and aspirated substances. Results in the filling of the alveoli and air spaces with fluid

76
Q

pulmonary edema

A

condition in which lung tissue retains an excessive amount of fluid, especially in the alveoli. results in dyspnea

77
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus. may cause an infarct in the lung tissue

78
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

formation of fibrous scar tissue in the lungs that leads to decreased ability to expand the lungs. may be caused by infections, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases, and toxin exposure

79
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

acute viral respiratory infection that begins like the flu but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea; high fatality rate. first appeared in China in 2003

80
Q

silicosis

A

type of pneumoconiosis that develops from the inhalation of silica (quartz) dust found in quarrying, glass works, sandblasting, and ceramics.

81
Q

sleep apnea

A

condition in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep long enough to cause a drop in oxygen levels in the blood

82
Q

sudden infant death syndrome

A

unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well infant under 1 year of age. the child suddenly stops breathing for unknown reasons

83
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

infectious disease caused by the bacteria Myocobacterium tuberculosis. most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification in the lungs. tuberculosis incidence is on the increase and is seen in many patients with weakened immune systems. multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is a particularly dangerous form of the disease because some bacteria have developed a resistance to the standard drug therapy

84
Q

empyema

A

pus in the pleural space usually associated with a bacterial infection. aka pyothorax

85
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity preventing the lungs from fully expanding. physicians can detect the presence of fluid by tapping the chest (percussion) or listening with a stethoscope (auscultation)

86
Q

pleuristy

A

inflammation of the pleura characterized by sharp chest pain with each breath. aka pleuritis

87
Q

pneumothorax

A

collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which may result in collapse of the lung

Medterm (23 decks)

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